Gravity and Dark Energy (How They Shape the Universe) –An Introduction

Gravity and Dark Energy (How They Shape the Universe) –An Introduction

Conrad Ranzan

Published on the Cellular Universe website (www.cellularuniverse.org ) 2015
URL: http://www.CellularUniverse.org/Gravity&DarkEnergy-Intro.htm

Worldviews. Dark energy (also known as Lambda) and gravitating matter are the factors that together shape the universe. In DSSU cosmology the two are intimately linked in true Heraclitian tradition —involving flux, motion, processes, opposites, and harmony. The conventional view, however, is that "Dark energy and matter are, as far as we [physicists] understand them, completely unrelated phenomena." So says physicist Dan Hooper in his book Dark Cosmos (page 174). Dark energy (or Lambda) and material matter are completely unrelated! Yet somehow these two factors give shape to the universe! How they manage to do this has long baffled the experts.

On the one hand, there has long-been a wealth of observational evidence relating to gravity and dark energy; on the other, the conventional interpretation of the evidence has failed all tests of reasonableness.

Bafflement. Again quoting from Dan Hooper’s book Dark Cosmos: "The advances made in observational cosmology during the past few decades have been incredible. ... the catalog of distant supernova observations has led to the discovery that dark energy comprises about 70 percent of our Universe's density. These findings are remarkable. Sadly, the attempts to develop a compelling theoretical explanation for these findings have been not nearly as successful." (But there was one “compelling theoretical explanation” that was completely overlooked. More on this in a moment.) Expanding on the "not nearly as successful" part of his assessment Hooper says: "It's fair to say that the theoretical physics community is, at least for the time being, entirely baffled when it comes to dark energy. ..." Unfortunately it wasn’t just “for the time being.” Hooper’s assessment of the bafflement being only temporary turned out to be overly optimistic, when you consider that his status report dates back to 2006. Many years have passed and the “experts” are still baffled! Conventional Cosmology still has no compelling interpretation for the observed relationship between gravity and dark energy. Actually the theoretical astrophysics community has been "entirely baffled" ever since the adoption of creationism cosmology —ever since the adoption of a speculation promulgated as science, a speculation that originated with Georges Lemaître. We're not talking about temporary puzzlement here. The problem goes way back to the time of Edwin Hubble in the 1920s.

So, why the persistent bafflement?

It has a lot to do with any attempts to revise an established theory. According to a forewarning by Max Planck, when a physical theory is in need of major revision there comes a realization of one or several facts which cannot be integrated into the framework of the theory in its current form.

"When a revision or a transformation of a physical theory is produced, one finds that at the starting point there is almost always a realization of one or several facts which cannot be integrated into the framework of theory in its current form. Facts remain always the key to the vault, upon which depends the stability of every theory, no matter how important." –Max Planck

Ignoring facts. The theory that became well established was, of course, the Big Bang. There were three essential facts ignored by the Big Bang cosmology experts:

Fact (1). No causal mechanism of gravity and there is evidently no way to insert the missing cause into the gravity theory based on General Relativity.

Fact (2). The Universe is not expanding. The evidence is now irrefutable. Also on the basis of elementary logic, the expansion of the space medium does not necessarily lead to the expansion of the Universe. Standard cosmology ignores this simple fact of logic when it asserts that because “space” is observed to be growing/expanding it must be that the whole universe is expanding.

Fact (3). The fact that dynamic processes (whether, biological-scale, geological-, astronomical-, or cosmic-scale) produce cells. Simply put, dynamic processes manifest as cellular structure.

These were all essential items that could not be integrated into a big-bang design.

And so it was, in 2002 the causal mechanism of gravity was discovered. The reality of this mechanism could not be integrated into the existing theory of gravity, Einstein's general relativity. The cause of gravity involved aether motion, but even though Einstein conceded aether’s existence, he insisted that no motion may be attributed to it! (More discussion on this in a moment).

And worse. Completely ignored was the fact of the velocity-differential redshift. (For the full story on this, see Cosmic Redshift in the Nonexpanding Cellular Universe: Velocity-Differential Theory of Cosmic Redshift, It is this velocity-differential redshift, when applied to cosmic distances, that completely destroys the long-held belief that the Universe is expanding.

Meanwhile. Meanwhile, there was one attempt to decipher the observations of the interplay between gravity and dark energy that was different. There was one “attempt to develop a compelling theoretical explanation” that led to undreamed of success!

Gravity and Lambda – A Story of Opposites

Synopsis: “Key differences between the Conventional Cosmology and the New Cosmology (rooted in DSSU theory) are presented. The former uses gravity of unlimited range, lacks a causal mechanism for gravitation, and treats gravity and Lambda as opposites in conflict. The new DSSU Cosmology defines finite gravitational fields, incorporates a cause for gravity, and, most importantly, treats gravity and Lambda as opposites in harmony. The new treatment leads to remarkable conclusions. Mysterious dark matter becomes redundant.”

The Story of Gravity and Lambda –How the Theory of Heraclitus Solved the Dark Matter Mystery

Article Reprint (pdf)

Strange as it may seem, dark energy (called Lambda in the Journal published article) incontrovertibly solves the mystery of dark matter as it relates to galaxy clusters.

Synopsis & Highlights: Explains how to solve the dark matter mystery: Design a universe in which dark energy (Lambda) amplifies rather than counteracts the “pull” of gravity. Recognize the inevitability of its cellular nature. Break with tradition, for the Universe is not expanding.

Profound and far-reaching are the implications of the discovery that gravity and Lambda act in harmony, and further, that they act in natural harmony to help sustain cosmic cell structure. Undeniably, the discovery spells disaster for the conventional worldview. The concept of gravity and Lambda in harmony is the key to a Pandora's box of devastating consequences for all universe models based on general relativity. All whole-universe expansion models are doomed. But just as in the legendary tale of Pandora, all is not lost. After the desecration, an essential element remains. The great pillar of expanding “space” still stands; but now this pillar of Lambda stands alongside the pillar of Gravity —in equal and harmonious stature.

This article contains (and explains) far more 'secrets of the universe' than its title suggests. Consider, for instance, this gem: the initiator of angular momentum in general and the cause of galaxy rotation in particular. Then there is the long-sought limitation on the range of gravity; how the range restriction is a consequence of the cellular nature of gravitational fields. And if the story of gravity and Lambda can be said to have a climax then it would surely be the clearly definable unity of conventional gravity and exotic dark energy (Lambda) —brought together under the ancient principle of the harmony of opposites.

Why all universe models based on general relativity have failed: So why didn’t the standard model and its variations work? They didn’t work, first and foremost, because they involved an unscientific extrapolation. General relativity, it must be understood, is a powerful mathematical theory of local dynamic space (spacetime) NOT cosmic-scale space. General relativity fails as a theory of the visible universe. Whenever attempts are made to turn general relativity into a theory of the greater universe, that is, whenever it is applied to the universe as a whole, serious problem arise. Thus, when Einstein used the relativity theory to formulate his 1917 model he needed some contrived component to give it stability. And so he introduced his famous "universal constant" later known as the cosmological constant, introduced as a precise counterbalance to all the gravity present in the universe. The picture was one of gravity and Lambda in opposition: Gravity struggles to pull everything in the universe together; Lambda (as his dark energy) strives to push everything in the universe apart. But the picture failed, stability was not to be had, and Einstein eventually abandoned the model.

But others did not. They introduced repair patches and, over the years, came up with countless versions. In fact, several universe-wide expansion models based on Einstein's GR are still in use today. They are purely mathematical constructs —irrelevant as working models of our Universe. And facts —those annoying critical components— continue to be ignored.

The eminent astronomer Halton Arp had declared the untenability of the expanding universe hypothesis: “I believe the observational evidence has become overwhelming, and the Big Bang has in reality been toppled.” And he added “There is now a need to communicate the new observations, the connections between objects and the new insights into the workings of the universe —all the primary obligations of academic science, which has generally tried to suppress or ignore such dissident information.” –Halton Arp, Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science (1998)

The model based on Heraclitus’ harmony of opposite succeeds. In that same year in which the cause of gravity was discovered, a stationary universe with non-stationary “space” was formulated —a model that does not encounter the major problems and paradoxes of the standard worldview; a model that incorporated the essential facts, a model that most notably solves the dark matter mystery.

Implications. What does this mean for the fate of the expanding-universe models?

The 20^th-century models, including the historic Steady State, all failed to recognize the harmony of two fundamental opposites. All are ultimately doomed to extinction. At least in the realm of science. But there is another side to the Big Bang phenomenon: its treatment as a new religion. This conversion of Big Bang cosmology into a pseudo-religion has been underway for a very long time. It’s there in the history-of-science books; in 1951 the Catholic Church bestowed official endorsement. “In 1951, opening a conference at the Vatican, Pope Pius XII pronounced that the big bang was compatible with official Catholic doctrine.” So wrote Dennis Overbye in Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos (p44). While creationism cosmology is waxing in the exaltation of mysticism that blinds its followers, its scientific value has been utterly lost. With the publication, in 2015, of the definitive proof of the Dynamic Steady State Universe, its fate is sealed.

And so the story of the harmony of gravity and dark energy leads to the collapse of the Big Bang as a scientific theory and its relegation to the status of a pseudo-scientific religion.

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This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2015

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