Dynamic Cosmic Cell --The Structural Component of the DSSU

Conrad Ranzan

Published on the Cellular Universe website ( www.CellularUniverse.org ) 2008 rev2011

URL: http://www.CellularUniverse.org/S3DynamicCosmicCell.htm

Nature presents us with a host of phenomena which appear mostly as chaotic randomness until we select some significant events, and abstract from their particular, irrelevant circumstances so that they become idealized. Only then can they exhibit their true structure in full splendor. –J. M. Jauch ^[1]

The foundation principle of modern cosmology is the expansion of space, or more properly, the vacuum.

This is true in Big Bang cosmology and it is true in DSSU cosmology. It is true regardless of how 'space' is defined —whether continuous, or quantized, or geometric, or aether-like. (Since aether permeates all space, it is the preferred term within the context of the DSSU. However, the terms space, vacuum, and aether are often used synonymously.)

But on this common foundation rest two radically different types of universe: The expanding universe and the non-expanding universe. Examples of the expanding type include the mytho-religious Big Bang model^[2] and the historical Steady State model. An example of the non-expanding type is a cellular universe known as the Dynamic Steady State Universe (the DSSU).

Let me explain the essential difference. In the expanding universe model space expands universally. While in the non-expanding universe space expands but regionally. In our cellular universe the space medium expands within giant three-dimensional cells. Global expansion versus regional expansion —that is the essential difference.

But there is more. Our cellular universe also has space contraction —space contracts regionally. Space expansion is balanced by space contraction, thereby making it possible to sustain the cosmic cellular structure of the Universe. It is these three factors, the expansion, the contraction, and the balance, that shape the universe. It is these three requisites that determine the ongoing large-scale distribution of matter. The dynamic flow between the regions is, in some ways, analogous to thermal convection cells.

So, a quantitative balance of expansion and contraction means that the Universe is intrinsically (as opposed to phenomenologically) cellularly structured. Remarkably, but not unexpectedly, it also means that the Universe does not expand! ... Furthermore, it means we are dealing with a radically new (as of 2002) cosmology, one that directly challenges the establishment Worldview.

Let us focus on the cell structure. The obvious question is, is the universe really cellular?

Astronomers have for several decades recorded the bubble-like nature of the structure of the observable universe. They note that galaxies are distributed in sheets and filaments surrounding large empty voids. Galaxy concentrations are particularly great at the nodes between bubbles. The galaxy plotters know the cell structure is real, even though it appears rather chaotic.

But a chaotic appearance is not unexpected. A popular on-line encyclopedia warns:

"Some caution is required in describing structures on a cosmic scale because things are not always as they appear to be. Bending of light by gravitation (gravitational lensing) can result in images which appear to originate in a different direction from their real source. This is caused by foreground objects (such as galaxies) curving the space around themselves (as predicted by general relativity), deflecting light rays that pass nearby. ... Weak lensing (gravitational shear) by the intervening universe in general also subtly changes the observed large-scale structure." –Wikipedia: Large-scale structure of the cosmos (2009/4)

Now please re-read my opening quote.

"Nature presents us with phenomena which appear mostly as chaotic randomness" until, as J.M. Jauch suggests, we select and idealize the significant underlying action. In this spirit, we idealize the regional space dynamics (the vacuum expansion and vacuum contraction). "Only then can they exhibit their true structure in full splendor."

The following composite image represents this idealization.




	Idealized dynamic cosmic cell. The animation shows the bulk flow of space (or aether). Space flows from the expanding region (known as a Void) and flows into the contracting regions (known as galaxy clusters). But note, the Void does not grow bigger and the galaxy clusters do not become smaller! (This image explains the balanced flow of aether; the equally important balanced flow of matter is explained later in the text.) Understand this image and know the reason why our universe does NOT expand. *The idealized Cosmoscape at the top reveals the cellular nature of the universe normally unrecognizable in the vast tangle of interwoven superclusters of galaxies.* Images are not to scale. The galaxies, particularly the supergalaxies at each node, are exaggerated.

The Cell Mechanism: Space Expansion and Contraction

The motion in the animation above represents the bulk flow of aether. Since space expansion is an exponential growth process, the associated motion involves radial acceleration. The acceleration and outward increase in speed are, of course, greatly exaggerated.

The comoving drift of a test particle starting near the center of an actual cosmic cell takes a very long time —a mind-boggling 150 billion years. The flow is caused by the ongoing emergence of new aether. The rate of this growth, in terms of expansion, is known. Astronomers have measured it to be in the range of 18 to 20 kilometers per second per million lightyears of distance. In easily understood terms, it means one kilometer of aether grows by about 6.2 centimeters every million Earth years of time. In terms of volume it means one cubic kilometer of the space medium grows by about 186,000 cubic meters every million Earth-years.

The radial flow is caused by the expansion occurring in the Void region (and only in the Void region). The Void is surrounded by a dodecahedral-shaped shell of galaxies. This "shell of galaxies" is, of course, what gives the Cosmic Cell its visible shape.^[3] The dodecahedral form corresponds to the hexagonal representation used for the above two-dimensional image. The flow proceeds into the interface region of adjoining cells and into the galaxy cluster regions —the structural nodes of the structural 'shell.'

And there, in the interface, in the galaxy clusters, space expansion ceases. In fact, it undergoes contraction. The galaxy cluster regions are major dissipaters (consumers or absorbers) of aether.

There is a very real harmony here. Space expansion is balanced by space contraction. Which means, as noted above, the cosmic cell does not grow bigger.

Yes, but what about the galaxy clusters? ... What prevents them from collapsing into the central dominant galaxy (the yellow 'elliptical' shown at the heart of each node)?

To answer this we need to consider another kind of flow.

The Cell Mechanism: Matter Flow

The above section deals with the flows that result from the balanced processes of aether, its expansion and its contraction. This is the flow shown in the animation.

There is, however, another pair of balanced processes. There exists a harmony between primitive matter formation (an emergence from the aether itself) occurring in the void region and the negation of a balancing quantity of gravitating matter within the interface (between cosmic cells) and within galaxy clusters. More specifically, the negation of matter takes place within the cores of excessive matter concentrations such as active superneutron stars.

This other aspect of the cosmic cell's equilibrium —the matter-formation and matter-negation— is described here only in brief outline. Considerably more detail may be found in other research papers on the CellularUniverse.org website.

In a nutshell, the other aspect of the cell's equilibrium is between (1) primitive matter formation occurring in the Void (some believe it is derived from the release of energy due to space expansion), and (2) the negation of quantities of gravitating matter within the cores of sufficiently large matter concentrations, most often massive superneutron stars. (Superneutron stars are, in some ways, similar to black holes. But understand, they never collapse inward through their Schwarzschild radius and, therefore, can never become black-hole singularities of infinite density.) Matter accumulation has a limit. Exceed the limit and matter/mass/energy become unsustainable —as happens in these special cores. In blunt terms, the matter, flowing into these cores, vanishes from the universe. It then, literally, no long exists. The descriptive term for this process, the term used in DSSU theory, is terminal annihilation. (Be assured there is no violation of the law governing energy conservation nor of the law governing entropy.) The two processes lead to a simple self-balancing mechanism. There is a continuous material flow entering the galaxy clusters (astronomers refer to the process as streaming) and a continuous destruction (terminal-annihilation) of material within the galaxy clusters.

Thus, when the matter formation-and-negation pair is combined with the space expansion-and-contraction pair, the cosmic cell becomes a complete, self-sustaining, self-balancing system.

In practical terms it means the Void does not grow bigger and the surrounding galaxy clusters do not become smaller. The size of the cosmic cell, for the most part, is stable. An average diameter is about 300 million lightyears.

Notice how Nature hides its true nature.

The Universe's cellularity is 'hidden' in the tangle of strands and clumps of galaxy clusters and the even greater tangle of interwoven superclusters of galaxies: Lost in the cosmic web; expansion and contraction almost unrecognizable.

While large-scale structure is hidden in the apparent "chaotic randomness," the matter formation and annihilation processes are hidden by something else entirely. Matter formation is hidden in the unimaginable smallness-of-scale of discretized aether. Lost to all our senses. And matter annihilation (terminal annihilation) is hidden in the ultimate density of the cores of active superneutron stars. Lost in the blackness.

Continuous Beginning, Continuous Ending

Contrary to conventional cosmology, our Universe did not have a beginning and it will not have an ending. However, everything in and of the universe has a beginning and an ending. But what is most amazing is that the Universe embodies continuous "beginning" and continuous "ending". The dynamic cosmic cell has no starting and stopping mechanism. So it runs perpetually. In this way the animation, above, also captures the feature of continuous beginning and continuous ending.

We may think of this continuous beginning as primitive matter being formed from the aether —from vacuum energy in conventional terminology and theory. Conceptualizing continuous ending is easy. It takes place in the cores of active superneutron stars. They are the sink holes of the universe (and conventionally called black holes).

The full-term process from beginning to ending can be expressed in the following radically simplified sequence: Consider a newly formed sub-sub-atomic particle —a freshly precipitated precursor particle— somewhere, anywhere, in the universe. Regardless of the quantity and quality and time duration of processes in which it partakes, its ultimate destination is the core at the bottom of a deep gravity well where the terminal annihilation takes place. This event is literally the end of the original particle —or whatever it has evolved or transformed into. It is an 'ending' event. A tiny entity of the universe goes out of existence.

Should the 'particle', or object, somehow, by some great fortune, miss all the gravitating bodies harboring terminal cores, all the countless ones stalking conventional galaxies (especially the massive ones at the nuclei of galaxies) then its ultimate ending will occur at the core of a nodal supergalaxy —known to astronomers as cluster-dominating cD galaxies. Representations of these supergiants are located at the six nodes of the idealized cosmic cell, above. And I repeat, whatever flows into the core is fated for the final annihilation process and ceases to exist.

Before presenting the conclusion, is there anything that has been overlooked? Any dynamic force or effect? ...

Of course! Gravity. ... And what about the anti-gravity effect —the enigmatically termed cosmological constant made famous by Einstein?

Yes, yes. I should have clarified this earlier. I confess, I am so used to thinking of these two effects in the terms of their true nature (of their fundamental dynamic "true splendor") that I forgot to link them to the more common terminology, to the terms ‘gravity’ and ‘cosmological constant.’ (Both of which, in conventional physics, are missing a cause.)

Gravity is simply the effect produced by the contraction of space (the inhomogeneous contraction of aether). As for the cosmological constant, it is the effect produced by the expansion of space (the exponential expansion of aether). Both are caused by the dynamic action of aether.

(But unless this is your first visit to the Cellular Universe website then you would have known this anyway.)

Conclusion

When two fundamental process-pairs are combined:
When the space expansion-and-contraction pair is combined with the matter formation-and-negation pair, then the cosmic cell becomes a complete, self-sustaining, self-balancing system.

And we say that the cosmic cell of the Dynamic Steady State Universe is a perpetual dynamic system —always has been, always will be.

One final question. A question I asked myself some months after uncovering the four-process system in the year 2001: If the system involves perpetual motion, does it necessarily violate the fundamental laws of Nature? Does it violate the dictum most people are familiar with —the one that asserts that there is no such thing as a perpetual motion machine?

To fully appreciate the answer there are three things to consider.

(1) It turns out that there are three kinds of perpetual motion machines or systems: The first kind violates the principle of conservation of energy; the second kind violates the 2nd law of thermodynamics (the entropy law); the third kind, however, violates no known laws.^[4] It is entirely possible to have a perpetual motion system without violating known laws. Thus we could, if we wanted, say that, yes, the DSSU is a perpetual motion "system"; however, being of the ‘third kind’ no physical laws are violated. Aether is the component that moves forever —a perpetual flow into existence and out of existence.

(2) Astrophysicists concede that one law in particular, the conservation of energy law, does not apply to the universe itself. In the words of Edward Harrison, “The conclusion, whether we like it or not, is obvious: Energy in the universe is not conserved.” ^[5]

(3) And finally, there is the checkmate argument. There is an airtight philosophical reason why this must be so —why there must be a perpetual process. See: Guide to the Construction of the Natural Universe and Section 3 in The Dynamic Steady State Universe.

The considered answer to the perpetual-nature question is, in the light of the foregoing:

Thus, the Dynamic Steady State Universe is a cosmos of perpetual formation and perpetual balancing destruction.

The Dynamic Cosmic Cell embodies the processes involved.

* * * *

Copyright © by Conrad Ranzan
This work is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

For more on DSSU structure see: Large-Scale Structure of the DSSU | Abstract & Links.

Notes and References

^ J. M. Jauch, Are Quanta Real? (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Ind., 1973) p64
(As in Douglas R. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid (Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1979) p408
^ C. S. Powell, God in the Equation (The Free Press, New York, 2002)
^ But note, the dodecahedral "shell of galaxies" is not shaped as the familiar pentagonal-sided dodecahedron; rather it is shaped as the rhombic dodecahedron (and sometimes as the closely related rhombic-trapezoidal dodecahedron. The significance of the rhombic type of dodecahedron is that a collection of them can be closely packed together —with no gaps in between. This is not true of the familiar Platonic version.
^ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 3rd Ed. Editor Sybil P. Parker (McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York) p1190
^ E. R. Harrison, Cosmology, the Science of the Universe (Cambridge University Press, 1981) p276

(2008; rev2011)

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