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ANNOUNCEMENTS &
NEW ITEMS:
(In reverse chronological order)
(2023 January): DSSU Cosmology is now into its 22nd year
on the Internet —the revolution continues.
(2022 December 28): Now PUBLISHED !
“Laws of Physics Twentieth-Century Scientists
Overlooked”
Available on AMAZON.com
and on
amazon.ca
(2022 November 11): Remembrance Day in Canada (Veterans Day in USA,
Remembrance Sunday in Britain). Take a moment to reflect on the Allied
scheme for genocide: The Morgenthau Plan.
"After World War II ended, some in the Allied coalition
wanted to crush the already-prostrate German nation for standing up to its
banker-dominated New World Order agenda. Drafted by the Soviets and
initially scrapped, it was resurrected after the war for the sole purpose of
genociding as many Germans as possible." –The Barnes Review Vol.28, No.6
(2022 Nov) page 54
(2022 August 30): Press Release (2022 August).
(2022 August 20): The 20-year quest for the ultimate truth has paid off
… We now know how the energy of the Universe is continuously replenished.
The details are revealed in the Open Access Article “Mainspring
Mechanism of the Universe” published in the International Journal of
Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics. Presented is the four-process
mechanism that drives and sustains the grand Cosmic system —now and forever.
Hi-resolution REPRINT.
Meanwhile … the decline of Western Civilization continues. Let us not
forget Ayn Rand’s warning:
“When you see that in order to produce, you need to obtain permission
from men who produce nothing – When you see that money is flowing to those
who deal, not in goods, but in favors – When you see that men get richer by
graft and by pull than by work, and your laws don’t protect you against them
but protect them against you – When you see corruption being rewarded and
honesty becoming a self-sacrifice – You may know that your society is
doomed.” –A. Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 1957
(2022 August 12): In the Just Right Media
program #771, Robert Metz reveals one of the great secrets of our
Universe. The Universe was never created! It had no beginning! … The
elegant and profound reasoning substantiating this claim is presented in the
fourth-quarter segment of the August 11th podcast.
(2022 August 1): The third DSSU book is ready for publication.
Particulars: Laws of Physics
20th-Century Scientists Overlooked
(2022 July 1): Current project: The third DSSU book is nearing
completion.
(2022 February 13-15): Dresden Hellstorm days of
remembrance. Ask yourself, what could possibly motivate a people to
machinate and implement the total destruction of the most beautiful and
cultural city on the planet? Search deeply into your inner self, and reflect
on the mind-polluting power of indoctrination.
Remembering Dresden 77 years after the terror bombing.
(2022 January 1): The "Directory" webpage has been updated.
(2021 December 24): Research article Steady State Cosmic Structure,
after long delays, has finally been publishing. Seven prominent journals,
reviewed the Paper, reported no errors, but refused to publish. The evidence
presented is incontrovertible —absolutely devastating for the orthodox
paradigm! Our steady state Universe is not expanding. (Reprint.)
Meanwhile, in the struggle for freedom:
Congratulations! to Dr James Sears on receiving the
George Orwell Free
Speech Award for 2021. Dr Sears, 58 years old, was a political
prisoner in Toronto until his early release a few weeks ago, in October.
He’s been described as a “Brilliant satirist, researcher, writer, free
speech warrior & dedicated anti-masker.”
(2021 November 19): WOW! This is a “first” for the DSSU. Journal
editors/reviewers have come up with a new excuse for rejecting DSSU research
articles: “serious concerns about ethical issues in the manuscript.”
… What are these ethical issues? They won’t say. What moral principle have
I, the author, violated? Whatever it is, they’re keeping it secret! … And
all the while, after 20 years, still unable to find flaws on legitimate
scientific grounds! Stay tuned.
Meanwhile:
Decline of civilization: “Vancouver
(Canada) School Board phases out honours programs in high schools”
(2021-6-16) This linked article is about the discontinuation of English,
math, and science courses for high achievers! All in the name of
Egalitarianism —the ideology of Marxism/communism!
(2021 November 5): Another DSSU article has been published:
Centrifugal Effect Negation,
(Applied Physics Research journal Vol.13,No.2).
Meanwhile:
Ongoing Enslavement and Suicide: Wake up people! We are
in the thick of a long multi-generational Total Psychological World War.
The choice is simple; either face up to this reality, or fool yourself and
succumb to its evil outcome. Always remember, International Communism
planned, implemented, and WON the utterly disastrous Second World War.
People who are not aware of these historical facts are casualties — the
gullible losers— of the first ever Psychological World War.
(2021 Oct 8): Three important DSSU papers are under seemingly
endless peer review!!
Meanwhile: My prediction proved to be correct. A critical
number of Indoctrinated Canadians in last month’s national election rejected
“life, liberty and property” —the three essentials for Freedom. They
voted in favor of the police-state Trudeau Tyranny and a continuation of the
invasion of the country! And so, the suicidal decline continues.
(2021 September 18):
War against civilization:
The truth is out: The Covid-19 vaccine IS the real pathogen! “It’s a
stealth weapon in an entirely new kind of war; a war aimed at restructuring
the global order and establishing absolute social control.” –https://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2021/09/18/the-most-important-article-on-mrna-vaccination-you-will-ever-read/
(2021 September 10): Currently two DSSU research articles are being peer
reviewed.
Meanwhile:
Suicidal decline of Western civilization: “Given that the PPC
is Canada’s only federal party on the Right, those who proclaim to believe
in the values of ‘life, liberty and property’ have only one choice in
this election: the People’s Party of Canada.” –Robert Metz
(2021-9-2)
I predict that the majority of Canadian voters
(with the election on Sept 20) will reject this sensible choice. They simply
do not sufficiently value ‘life, liberty and property’ —the three
essentials for Freedom. And so, sadly, the decline continues. –C.R.
(2021 August 20): It’s a special day. Today marks the 20th anniversary of
the founding of DSSU cosmology. It is also the 20th anniversary of the
passing of the greatest astrophysicist of the 20th century, Sir Fred Hoyle
(1915-2001). The original plan was to celebrate this date by announcing the
greatest discovery to emerge from DSSU theory. Unfortunately, but not
unexpectedly, the Manuscript detailing the discovery was rejected. The
reason? The Reviewer alleges, and the journal Editor concurs, that the
historic Michelson-Morley experiment as a detection of aether was
fraudulent! Furthermore, these gatekeepers firmly believe that aether does
not exist! So, despite Albert Michelson having received the Nobel Prize in
Physics for his precision measurements of light, this Reviewer, who claims
to be a PhD physicist, considers those experiments fraudulent! … Conclusion:
Yes, another FAKE review.
Suicidal decline of Western civilization: “Canadian writer
and newspaperman will remain in jail as a political prisoner, a non-violent
prisoner of conscience in a Cultural Marxist ruled country that praises
“diversity” but detests “diversity” of opinion.” –[LINK]
(2021 July): We finally have a proper scientific theory of
the Universe.
An unprecedented development in the long history of cosmology. The
conservation of energy mechanism applicable to our Universe has been
discovered. Press Release
2021-7
Suicidal decline of Western civilization: "What we here in
the Unites States and in Europe are actually witnessing is the planned
destruction of Western civilization. It is no accident." ... "Every step in
the decline of Western culture has been planned for years. It started in
Germany in the early years of the 20th century. Germany was the original
target of the Communists." –The Barnes Review, 2021 July/Aug
Editorial.
Canadian
philosopher Stefan Molyneux wrote in his Freedomain Update for 2021-7-4: “…
people believe what they want to believe, facts don't seem to matter much
anymore, rational arguments get banished from public discourse —and it looks
like people are going to have to learn about the dangers of totalitarianism
through suffering, since they will not learn through history, reason,
evidence or morality.”
(2021 June 18): Part 6 of the Laws of Physics 20th-Century
Scientists Overlooked has finally been ACCEPTED for publication.
Meanwhile, after 9 long weeks, Part 7 has successfully passed the
review process. One Reviewer stated, “Interesting logical arguments …
assembled in a very well drafted and readable manuscript.” … An “excellent
manuscript.” The other Reviewer reported no problems with the Paper.
So, what was the Editors decision? … REJECT. Decision final. No reason
given. No justifying comments. Thus, truth once again has been censored!
(2021 May 14): SUMMARY of the evidence in the ongoing war against freedom
and Western Civilization: JustRightMedia
Podcast. (When listening, do recognize and disregard the anti-German
bias evident in the references to the fake Hollywood version of history.)
(2021 May 7): I was born in a police state (Communist East Germany); and
now I find myself living in another police state —Communist Canada! … No,
I’m not surprised, saw it coming for many decades, but I am always amazed.
It is a matter of knowing the nature of the beast. –CR
This week Robert Metz focused on Winning Back Our
Freedom—and why philosophy matters as he presents the compelling case
that, as “demonstrated many times in the past, the political world is and
has always been ruled by minorities. ‘Majorities’ always follow, they never
lead.”
(2021 April 16): Civilization regresses: WARNING: UNDRIP, United
Nations, and the Globalists’ huge land grab! JustRightMedia
Program #702
(2021 April 9): Cosmology advances:
Part 5 has been accepted for publication.
Part 7, just completed, is now under review.
Civilization regresses:
“Many of those driving globalist lockdown agendas have been described as
psychopaths, sociopaths, or just plain evil. There is plenty of evidence
to support all three descriptions. But how is one to judge those who
follow and support the tyrannical measures devised by this handful of
deranged collectivists? … Of course, in any objective sense, evil must
be understood to refer to those human thoughts and actions that lead to the
intentional destruction of the self or others. With Life as the standard
of the Good, Death becomes at once the symbol, the objective, and the
consequence of the moral vacuum that creates Evil itself.”
–Fear no evil—Make
evil fear you (JustRight #701; 2021-4-8)
(Except for the anti-German clichés and
misleading historical propaganda, this is an excellent program.)
(2021 March 12): The enemies of truth and promoters of unreality continue to
be active in astrophysics and cosmology. FIVE journals have now refused to
publish Part 5, with its irrefutable proof …
And they are active in our decaying society:
“Benjamin Franklin warned that It is the first responsibility
of every citizen to question authority; while Albert Einstein noted
that Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth.
Together, these words of wisdom go a long way towards explaining
our dystopian unreality. For the past year or so, we have all been
subjected to fake propaganda spewed by a fake news media about a fake
pandemic designed to scare people into getting a fake vaccine. Talk
about ‘unreality’!”
–Robert Metz (JustRightMedia, 2021-3-11)
(2021 Feb 13,14,&15): Commemorating the 76th anniversary of the greatest
terrorist event/action in the long history of mankind —the Dresden
HELLSTORM.
The tragic event —a truly epic testimony of evil— occurred in 1945. The
victims were the long-suffering German people.
(2021 Feb 5): Newly posted:
Directory of DSSU Articles and
Resources
(2021 Jan 29): Question regarding the
Higgs field versus DSSU aether.
Part 6 is currently undergoing review.
(2021 January 22):"Law of physics 20th-century scientists overlooked (Part 4):
Mass Extinction by Aether Deprivation" has been published in
JHEPGC, Vol.7,
No.1. Link
to
Abstract & Article.
MEANWHILE, (Part 5) in this series of articles contains a proof so
toxic that three astrophysics journals have refused to publish it !!
(2021 January 8): “Nothing in the mainstream media is trustworthy.”
“No one has ever been so thoroughly evil as the politicians and
scientists promoting the corona-virus fakes around the world. Never before
have people been lied to so thoroughly and consistently with such evil
purposes as we have been lied to by our present totalitarian genocidal
government. Make no mistake, this is genocide. The covid-19 fraud, the
lockdown, and the abandonment of the elderly and the sick are resulting in
the deaths of millions. In the UK the National Health Service has become the
National Death Service.”
“We are ruled by a bunch of traitors who have sold our birthright
…”
“How did they [the British people] fall for so many lies? Where is
their courage?”
“Unless we fight hard with determination, the year ahead, 2021,
will be the last we live as free men and women. That’s not rhetoric, it’s
fact!”
–Dr Vernon Coleman, 2021 Jan 2, audio clip, This is Genocide.
Transcribed from Just Right Media:
The great reckoning 2021
ANNOUNCEMENTS & comments from
earlier years are available HERE.
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The Nature of Gravitational Collapse
Subtitle: How the photon, the particle of light, is responsible for mass,
gravity, superneutron stars, and supermassive black holes
—Reveals the truth about stellar and supermassive black holes.
This work contains 311+ pages, 67 illustrations, references, and
index. …
Second printing details (2017 November)
First printing details (Lambert Academic
Publishing, 2017 July)
Guide to the Construction of the Natural Universe
Participate in a unique exploration of the Cosmos: venture into the
sub-atomic realm, even into the sub-quantum realm where the roots of reality
reside, and into the domain of cosmic-scale cell-structure and beyond to
infinity. Along the way, discover the cause of mass, the cause of
gravitation, and rediscover Einstein’s “nonponderable” aether and Heraclitus’
harmony-of-opposites principle. … The book represents the ultimate
vindication for all the skeptics who resisted the "preposterous" Big Bang
mythology and who refused to join the exploding-cosmos religion.
The book contains 317 pages, 61 illustrations, references, and
index …
Available from
C-FAR Books.
Or use this
mail-in Order Form.
(Also available at
Niagara Falls Public Library)
POPULAR RESEARCH PAPERS:
Mass-to-Energy Conversion,
the Astrophysical Mechanism –Published in Journal of High Energy
Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, Vol.5, No.2 (2019).
HTML version.
Nature’s Supreme Mechanism
for Energy Extraction from Nonmaterial Aether –Published in
Infinite Energy
Magazine Vol.24,
Issue#144 (2019 March/April)
The Nature of Gravity –How One Factor Unifies Gravity’s Convergent,
Divergent, Vortex, and Wave Effects –Published in the International
Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol.6,
No.5, 2018.
-------------------------
Natural Mechanism for the Generation and Emission of Extreme
Energy Particles –Published in Physics Essays
Vol.31, No.3, p358 (2018). (Reprint)
-------------------------
Sachs-Wolfe Effect Disproof –Published in the International
Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol.6, No.1, 2018. (
Abstract & Links.)
"The Nature of Gravitational Collapse"
–Published in American Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics. (
Abstract and Links.)
(Note, there is a typo in AJA&A posted version in the Fig-10
caption. It should read: … acceleration is proportional to 1/r2.)
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Glossary of Terms
used in Cosmology and Astrophysics with particular emphasis on DSSU theory.
(Opens in separate Window or Tab)
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GENERAL INTEREST ARTICLES:
Mysteries & Paradoxes that Plague Standard Cosmology
(Updated 2015-7)
Cosmology Crisis of 1998 (Revised 2015-5)
Critique of Conventional Cosmology ...
comments relating to the 'preposterous' expanding-universe paradigm.
Bafflement
—the remarkable admission of a physicist.
The Cosmology Debate That Never Happened
—During the 20th century there was a decades-long debate: The cataclysmic
expanding universe VS the stable expanding universe. But there has never
been a debate of the dynamic expanding universe VS the dynamic
non-expanding universe. (Posted
2011 Oct)
Models of the Universe
—Historical, Expanding, and Cellular universes. INCLUDES USEFUL TABLES FOR
COMPARING THEORIES.
The Universe Is Infinite
(Part 1)
—overcoming a "central" problem of cosmology theories.
The Universe Is Infinite
(Part 2)
—an explanation of how the universe can always have existed and will always
exist.
DSSU, The
Non-Expanding Universe: Structure, Redshift, Distance
—A long sought-after goal of astrophysicists has been a formulation of cosmic distance that is
independent of the speed of light. The goal has now been achieved. The
present Paper details the surprisingly simple distance expression and its
validating agreement with Supernova data.
Why Copernicus Did Not Need a Force of Gravity
—Explores the question of why no one, except Newton, invoked a force.
(Re-Posted February, 2014)
Gravity and Lambda —A Story of Opposites
(.htm) —A story of opposites in harmony. Key differences between the Conventional
Cosmology and the New Cosmology are presented.
Dynamic Cosmic Cell
—The Structural Component of the DSSU —Animated image and discussion
of the self-sustaining, self-balancing system.
Why
Einstein Did Not Receive the Nobel Prize for His Theory of Relativity
—“By 1922 Einstein had been nominated about fifty times —most were for his
relativity theories.”
Questions & Answers & Comments
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COSMOLOGY ARTICLES, etc:
(2016 June) FREE DOWNLOAD details:
DSSU Validated by Redshift Theory and Structural Evidence,
Physics Essays, Vol.28, No.4, p455-473 (2015 Dec)
—Delivers the coup de grâce to the Big Bang.
Abstract & Links.
Both Reviewers enthusiastically endorsed this "well-written and incisive
article."
The Dynamic Steady State Universe.
This work brings together the main pieces of the cosmic
puzzle in a step-by-step construction of the Natural Universe.
Published in Physics
Essays Vol.27 No.2 (2014 June issue) (PDF download) "... the arguments
are well-made. The article is competent, enjoyable and readable." —Reviewer
for Physics Essays Journal
Revolutionary:
Olbers’
Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Non-Expanding Universe, American Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics
Vol.4, No.1, (2016 January).
Abstract & links.
Reprint PDF.
Excerpts:
● “The man accredited with discovering universe expansion did not believe
that the universe was expanding. Hubble was convinced that the key evidence,
the cosmic redshift, was caused by some other factor, something more
fundamental than mere expansion.”
● “With the recent discovery of a new cosmic-redshift mechanism, and its
theoretical validation, it turns out that Hubble was right.”
● Explains how “an infinite, non-expanding, perpetually regenerating
universe" is able to predict a dark night sky.
Cosmic Redshift in the Nonexpanding Cellular Universe (
Journal links
) —details the actual causal mechanism. Published in the
American Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol.2, No.5 (2014)
Abstract.
Local copy with quality images: (Reprint pdf).
HIGHLIGHTS:
• Entirely new concept for cosmic redshift mechanism;
• Retains the foundation premise of all modern cosmology;
• But does not require whole-universe expansion;
• A redshift based on the DSSU theory of unified gravity & cosmic cellular
structure;
• Remarkable agreement with independently established redshift distances.
The Cosmology Debate That Never Happened
What historians call "the greatest cosmological debate in
history” was between TWO expanding universes —two
hypothetical models that share the same, I repeat, the same
foundational property! If one is to claim some great clash of ideas (let
alone the "greatest") then surely there must exist some deep dividing
difference! (Posted 2011-10)
The Case for a Cellular Universe
—the Story of a Baffling Omission in Modern Cosmology (Rev2014)
Large-Scale Structure of the Dynamic Steady State Universe published in
the American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol.4, No.6,
2016, pp.65-77.
Astract and Links.
Highlights:
■ Presents the first 2 of the 4 main postulates that define the DSSU.
■ Space-medium expansion and contraction are perpetually held in balance,
thus ensuring a non-expanding universe.
■ Explains how the two dynamic processes of the DSSU’s space medium sustain
the cellular structure responsible for the pattern of matter distribution in
our Universe.
Galaxy Morphology:
Ellipticity, Its Origin & Progression in Comoving Galaxies, American Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics,
AJAA, Vol.3, No.2, 2015.
Journal
Abstract and Links.
Local
high-resolution PDF.
HTML version available from AJAA here.
HIGHLIGHTS:
• Provides the first-ever natural explanation for the cause of the
elliptical shape of nonrotating galaxies
• Retains the foundation premise of all modern cosmology but rejects the
absurd concept of whole-universe expansion
• Takes full advantage of the universe’s cosmic cellular structure and
exploits the DSSU theory of unified gravity domains
• Amazingly, the mechanism that stretches galaxies turns out to be the very
same mechanism that causes the cosmic spectral redshift!
Cosmic-Redshift Distance Law Without c
Without H –Comments &
Links– Simplifying the redshift-distance formula by removing the
speed-of-light constant and the Hubble parameter —while maintaining
agreement with observational evidence.
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DSSU Theory:
DSSU Validated by Redshift Theory and Structural Evidence,
Physics Essays, Vol.28, No.4, p455-473 (2015 Dec)
—Delivers the coup de grâce to the Big Bang.
Abstract & Links.
Both Reviewers enthusiastically endorsed this "well-written and incisive
article."
A historical tour of
universes culminating with the Natural Universe —This
essay gives a thematic tour of historical and modern universes. ... While the Universe
is endlessly speaking, forever sending signals; philosophers and scientists
listen and interpret.
Currently undergoing revision and updating: Theoretical Foundation and Pillars of the Dynamic Steady State Universe —The first complete presentation of all four
postulates of DSSU theory. A powerful paper that resolves the
cause-of-causes paradox, explains the non-independent nature of time, and
reveals the 'supreme advantage'. It includes a concise comparison with
standard cosmology focusing on real-world viability.
The Fundamental Process of Energy —A Qualitative Unification of
Energy, Mass, and Gravity. (Abstract
& Reviews & Links) … This article reveals
the secret behind photon confinement. (Contains only a bare minimum of mathematics
and mainly in one of the 14 sections.)
PART 1 published in
Infinite Energy Magazine Issue #113 (Jan/Feb 2014)
PART 2 published in
Infinite Energy Magazine Issue
#114 (Mar/Apr 2014)
Headlined as:
A "Conceptual Unification of Energy, Mass and Gravity"

Dynamic Cosmic Cell
—The Structural Component of the DSSU —Animated image and discussion
of the self-sustaining, self-balancing system.
Unified Gravitation Cells
of the DSSU —Constructing the Universe with Cosmic Gravity Cells
Aether Flow
Equations and Expansion-Contraction Rates (pdf) —This paper
explores the mathematical aspects of the two space-medium postulates of DSSU
theory —and uncovers some profound consequences.
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ARTICLES on AETHER:
Documentary
movie footage in which Einstein states, "There exists an aether"
—High
resolution .mpg video.
—Low
resolution .wmv video.
The
Aether Experiments and the Impact on Cosmology
—Aether was detected first in 1887 and then several more times during the
20th century. Its 21st–century "rediscovery" (in 2001) led to the long-sought causal mechanism of
gravity —a discovery which has revolutionizing cosmology.
Michelson-Morley and the
Story of the Aether Theory —Richard Milton's analysis of the
historical details involving the misrepresentation, bias, and cover-up that
hampered the Aether theory.
The History of the Aether Theory
—The historic development of the
aether as a scientific theory of the universal space medium. What started as the "fifth
element" of Antiquity becomes molded by theoretical constraints and
experimental evidence into the dual-dynamic sub-quantum medium —the Essence of the Universe.
(Updated
2019-12)
Relativity of
Time in the Aether-Space of the DSSU —How intrinsic time and relative time are related.
DSSU Relativity –The Lorentz Transformations Applied to Aether-Space —Ranzan
Reprinted by permission of Physics Essays Publication,
Physics Essays Vol.23, No.3, p520. (2010).
ABSTRACT
Physical Nature of Length Contraction
—the DSSU Theory of Length Contraction Induced by Absolute Motion.
An easy to follow examination of how the mode by which matter is “conducted”
through luminiferous aether causes the matter to contract. A simple
derivation of the mathematical expression for this physical phenomenon is
presented. There is also a brief discussion of relevant historical aspects
and of nonphysical length contraction.
Reviewer's comments:
“This is amazing …” “The paper is interesting …” –Applied Physics
Research reviewer. Published in
Applied Physics Research journal
Vol.5, No.1
(2013
Feb).
Contradiction Divides Two Aether Theories
—An exploration into the three parts of the speed-of-light postulate.
Reprinted by permission of PEP, from
Physics Essays Journal
(Vol 24, No.3, Sept, 2011)
...
ABSTRACT
Basic-level mathematical and graphical exploration of dynamic aether flow:
PDF
Here is an external webpage with an extensive list of
research papers on the aether-drift experiments, and the larger question of energy in space.
|
DSSU RESEARCH PAPERS:
Sachs-Wolfe Effect Disproof (published in in the International
Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science Vol.6, No.1, 2018.)
Abstract & links.
DSSU Cosmic Redshift-Distance Relation (htm)
—Converting the cosmic redshift into distance for our Cellular Universe using
a simple and elegant equation.
Large Scale Structure of the Dynamic Steady State Universe (pdf)
How a dual-dynamic space medium sustains the cellular structure (published in AJAA in 2016).
—Presents the postulates and implications of regional space-medium expansion and contraction.
Cosmic-Scale Structural Features Explained (pdf)
(Chapter 2 of original DSSU Manuscript)
—The Spacing of Clusters
—Sheets of Galaxies
—Supernodes
—Right-angled Walls of Galaxies.
The Cosmic Background Radiation in the DSSU
—The natural explanation of the microwave background radiation applicable to
the natural Cellular Universe.
Ellipticity, Its Origin & Progression in Comoving Galaxies,
American Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics, AJAA, Vol.3, No.2, 2015.
Journal
Abstract and Links
Local
high-resolution PDF.
HTML version available from AJAA here.
HIGHLIGHTS:
• Provides the first-ever natural explanation for the cause of the
elliptical shape of nonrotating galaxies
• Retains the foundation premise of all modern cosmology but rejects the
absurd concept of whole-universe expansion
• Takes full advantage of the universe’s cosmic cellular structure and
exploits the DSSU theory of unified gravity domains
• Amazingly, the mechanism that stretches galaxies turns out to be the very
same mechanism that causes the cosmic spectral redshift!
|
GRAVITY:
The Nature of
Gravity –How One Factor Unifies Gravity’s Convergent, Divergent, Vortex, and
Wave Effects
–Published in International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
(IJASS),
Vol.6, No.5, 2018, pp.73-92. (Abstract and Links.)
"Revolutionary"
The Nature of Gravitational Collapse
–Published in American Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol.4,
No.2, 2016, pp.15-33. (Abstract and Links.)
(Note, there is a typo in AJA&A posted version in the Fig-10
caption. It should read: … acceleration is proportional to 1/r2.)
Gravity and Dark Energy (How they
Shape the Universe) –An Introduction. Provides a preamble and overview
for a couple of earlier DSSU articles.
The Processes of Gravitation –The Cause and Mechanism of Gravitation
by C. Ranzan –A revolutionary paper on gravity published in J. Mod. Phys.
Appl. Vol.2014:3 (2014).
(Abstract & Reviews & Links.
Includes link to hi-resolution PDF)
Why Copernicus Did Not Need a Force of Gravity
—Explores the question of why no one, except Newton, invoked a force. (Rev 2011-9)
First ever, journal-published paper featuring the DSSU:
The Story of Gravity and Lambda –How the Theory of Heraclitus Solved the Dark Matter Mystery
–Ranzan
Reprinted by permission of
PEP, from
Physics Essays, Vol 23, No1, p75-87 (2010 Mar).
ABSTRACT
This is the cure for the fallacious belief in cosmic-scale Dark Matter.
The Story of Gravity and Lambda –How the Theory of Heraclitus Solved the Dark Matter Mystery
(Color version) –Ranzan
Considered "an excellent contribution to the [PE journal]" --professional reviewer
(2010).
Unified Gravitation Cells of the DSSU
—Constructing the Universe with Cosmic Gravity Cells
|
RELATIVITY ARTICLES:
Why
Einstein Did Not Receive the Nobel Prize for His Theory of Relativity
(●Abstract ●Links ●Excerpts ●Extras)
—“By 1922 Einstein had been nominated about fifty times —most were for his
relativity theories.”
Einstein’s Simple Mathematical Trick –and the Illusion of a Constant Speed
of Light
(Abridged version with links to Journal-published version. Posted 2013)
Extended Relativity –Exploiting the Loopholes in Einstein's Relativity.
A Logical extension of special relativity. Reprinted by permission of
PEP,
from
Physics Essays Vol.25, No.3 (2012).
— Abstract & Links & Reviews —
The Three Components of the Speed-of-Light Postulate.
Published in Physics Essays journal Vol.26,No.1 (2013)
Local copy:
The
Three Components of the Speed-of-Light Postulate (pdf):
Absolute vs relative. Variance vs invariance. Another instance of the Heraclitian
"Harmony of Opposites." (Reprinted by permission of PEP, from
Physics Essays, Vol.26, No.1,
2013).
Relativity of Time in the Aether
Medium of the DSSU
—Absolute Motion and Intrinsic Time
Resolving a Paradox in Special Relativity –Absolute Motion and the Unified Doppler Equation.
(Posted 2011, July). Reprinted by permission of
PEP, from
Physics Essays Vol.23, No.4, p594 (2010).
ABSTRACT
How DSSU Relativity Resolves the Speed Paradox (Introductory Discussion)
—Absolute Motion Resolves a (speed) Paradox in Einstein’s Special Relativity.
(Supplementary Discussion)
DSSU Relativity –The Lorentz Transformations Applied to Aether-Space
(Posted 2011). Reprinted by permission of Physics Essays Publication,
Physics Essays Vol.23, No.3, p520. (2010).
ABSTRACT
The Key that Extends Einstein’s Relativity (Part 1)
—Response to a reviewer critical of DSSU aether-based relativity
The Key that Extends Einstein’s Relativity (Part 2)
—How to convert abstract-space equations into aether-based equations
Restoring the Physical Meaning of Energy
Published in
Applied Physics Research journal
Vol.5, No.2
(2013).
LOCAL COPY:
Restoring the Physical Meaning of Energy —distinguishing
between the apparent energy and the real energy of moving mass.
|
An Open Letter to the Scientific Community
(Published in New Scientist, May 22, 2004)
"The big bang today relies on a growing number of
hypothetical entities, things that we have never observed-- inflation, dark
matter and dark energy are the most prominent examples. Without them, there
would be a fatal contradiction between the observations made by astronomers
and the predictions of the big bang theory. In no other field of physics
would this continual recourse to new hypothetical objects be accepted as a
way of bridging the gap between theory and observation. It would, at the
least, raise serious questions about the validity of the underlying theory.
..."
continues
...
A devastating Declaration of opposition to Big Bang cosmology
signed by more than 400 Researchers.
Full text:
CosmologyStatement.org
or alternate
site.
|
INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM:
This website is mainly concerned with revisionism in cosmology. Those of us
involved in replacing the unnatural expanding-universe paradigm are aware of
the difficulties involved.
However,
other revisionists have unimaginable difficulties. Consider the ongoing
persecution of revisionists in other fields of intellectual pursuit:
"It makes you wonder —about the immense effort being made
by State and State-sponsored organizations with budgets of tens of millions
of dollars and thousands of employees and associates to smother and punish
these few men and women. Every punishing instrument imaginable is used,
every vicious slander conceivable, every flagrant and pervasive form of
censorship that law allows, including the imprisonment of simple writers for
thought crimes against the State. ... Makes you wonder." —Bradley R. Smith (2011)
"Discussing truth is so controversial, so dangerous … In most of the world it is simply illegal.”
–
Gordon Duff, Senior Editor, Veterans Today (2011)
"The further a society drifts from truth the more it will hate those who
speak it." –George Orwell
●
Pro-Freedom RADIO: Rense Radio
● Pro-Freedom NEWS:
Vanguard News
● InfoWars NEWS: InfoWars
| AlexJones
● Freedom Force
Red Pill University
for truth-seekers.
|
DEDICATION: This website is solemnly dedicated to those
individuals who have conducted research in their chosen field and have
informed others of their inquiries and suffered the consequences when
subpoenaed by the Inquisition or some variant thereof. The dedication
extends to those individuals currently imprisoned, and those facing
trial and persecution simply for exercising their basic human right of
freedom of expression supposedly granted to them under the UN Charter of
Human Rights.
"Every
year, hundreds of writers and other literary professionals around the world
are imprisoned, prosecuted, persecuted, attacked, threatened, forced into
exile or even murdered as a result of their work."
ALSO: Be aware of the continuing threat to our precious freedom of expression on the
Internet. The threat is serious and relentless. It is described as “… the formal effort to mimic Communist China’s
system of Internet censorship.” –
www.InfoWars.com
More information on threats to internet freedom: https://battleforthenet.com/
Reporter-journalist
Arthur Topham, Canadian victim of the Inquisition,
arrested (2012) for posting his research.
“Arthur Topham faces prison time for daring to speak his mind on his own website, as he
faces criminal charges under Canada’s hate crimes legislation contained in
Section 318 - 320 of the criminal code.” –Rights and Freedoms Bulletin Issue
No. 204 Feb 7, 2015.
VERDICT: Arthur Topham found “guilty” AND “not guilty” of hate speech
by a brain-dead jury!
–Dr. James Sears, reporting in “The world’s
Largest Anti-Marxist Publication” (Issue 2015 December,
http://www.yourwardnews.com/backissues.html NOTE: This website has been
taken down by court order pending appeal. --2020)
2016 Update: Panel
Discussion on The Trial of Arthur Topham
Free-speech crusader Bill Whatcott defies British Colombia
Human Rights Tribunal efforts to impose gender language tyranny.
“I have no intention on wasting money on a lawyer for the Morgane Oger vs
Bill Whatcott case, as human rights tribunals are kangaroo courts and the
odds of … getting justice in these biased tribunals is next to zero.” –2017
June (www.freenorthamerica.ca
…)
End of free speech in Britain:
A publisher of history books in Britain has reported that “due to new laws
in the UK all their books will have to be censored moving forward” to avoid
criminal penalties for “inciting racial hatred.” –The Barnes Review (2020 March/April)
p77
A hostile jury, by a hasty unanimous
verdict, decided that Nationalist Leader Jez Turner deserves to be sent to
jail for his critical views! Report (2018-5-15).
British Maverick Psychologist
jailed for publishing his research. … “The ambivalence of librarians
getting writers imprisoned quite defies comprehension.” –Simon Sheppard
(2013)
The repression of free speech in Canada has degenerated to the point where …
■ Freedom advocates, such as Marc Lemire, are censured for merely expressing
their reasoned opinions. Freedomsite, whose motto is “Fighting
for freedom against the censorship enforcers”, documents the official
persecution.
■ A tenured professor has lost his position for revealing his research and
views on history. This is unprecedented. Professor Anthony J. Hall at the
University of Lethbridge, Alberta, has been suspended (2016 October 5)
without pay.
“… Any thinking person should recognize that there is something deeply wrong
when a history professor is persecuted for saying we should be able to
examine our history.” –Monika Schaefer 2017
■ A publisher/editor, for expressing his reality-based views, has been
denied postal services. Dr. James Sears, publisher and editor of
Your Ward News was
stripped of Canada Post Mail Service by government order (2016 June).
■ A violin teacher and truth revealer, Monika Schaefer, for posting a
video (an apology to her dead mother), has been attacked by various
so-called community leaders.
“The treatment of violinist Monika Schaefer signals the end of our free
and democratic society.” –The American Herald Tribune, 2016 Sept
■ American
Speaker Arrested in Canada for the textual material on his iPad
—2017 June 24
While the invasion continues, the “guardians” of the nation are busy
suppressing the freedom of expression: going after deemed violations in what
people think and write and say.
■
Canada Claims Authority to Censor Your Internet Searches –Reason
magazine
The Persecution of Dr James Sears
■ The "justice" system is being used
to suppress opinions: In a legal battle (2018) for freedom of speech in Canada
... the
prosecution and silencing of Dr James Sears expected to cost taxpayers $20 million!
“I estimate the Board of Review, police investigating and
Crown prosecuting us on criminal matters, will cost the taxpayers over $20
million, assuming no appeals past 2018 (murderers & rapists will walk free
as huge blocks of court time bump their cases, causing them to be thrown
out).”
–Dr James Sears, Your Ward News, Fall, 2018, p17
Updates are posted at
www.yourwardnews.ca .
Update for 2019 April 8:
Why the ruling against Your Ward News hurts free speech in Canada
Updates for 2019 Aug: LINK to Several postings.
Update for 2020:
Sentenced to one year in
jail for revealing the truth.
Update for 2021 July:
POLITICAL PRISONER
James Sears.
(2021 November 18): The Canadian Association for Free Expression Honours Dr
James Sears with the 2021 George Orwell Free Speech Award
● Editor of (anti-Marxist) Your Ward News
● Brilliant satirist, researcher, writer, free speech warrior & dedicated
anti-masker
● Recently (Oct 1)
released political prisoner
(2022 February): Dr James
Sears, Editor of Your Ward News and winner of the 2021 George Orwell Free
Speech award, was
arrested at GUNPOINT (Feb 3) by three police while leaving his regular
appointment with his parole officer. Sears is now back in prison.
Protests continue.
The Continuing Struggle for Freedom
A ray of hope in the ongoing struggle for freedom. Populist and nationalist
movements around the world are gaining ascendancy over the New World Order’s
effort to establish global governance and impose tyrannical control over
every last square meter of the Earth’s surface. –The Barnes Review
Vol.23 No.1 (2017 Jan p70)
"This
Is Very Serious" –S. Molyneux, 2018-7
(7-minute
video on the importance of freedom of speech)
The ongoing fight for freedom and truth. –Just
Right Media (2020, Sept 18, program)
In repressive Germany:
Ursula Haverbeck,
89, Sentenced to 14 Months in Jail for Heresy! –2017 November
This amazing 89-year-old woman continues advocating under the dictum: "Only
the truth will set you free”.
Mrs. Haverbeck, along with her late husband, founded the education facility
Collegium Humanum in 1963, but which was banned by the Marxist thought police in
2008.
Update (2018-5-16): Ursula Haverbeck will celebrate her 90th birthday in a
German prison
cell. The sprightly grandmother is now serving a
two-year prison term without parole merely for stating a sincerely
held opinion that is supported by acclaimed academics worldwide!!
“Frau Haverbeck is now sentenced to two years in prison, merely for her
peaceful historical research” –The Barnes Review Vol.24, No.5
(Sept/Oct 2018) p71
UPDATE (2019-11):
On November 9th (2019), the very day of Ursula Haverbeck’s 91st. birthday,
hundreds of German nationalists, patriots and friends, well-wishers and
admirers rallied in her support. Report on the Rally to Celebrate
Political Prisoner Ursula Haverbeck.
Update (2020-12): This 92-year-old peaceful woman has just
been released from jail, having spent 2&1/2 years behind bars, and less than
2 weeks later was in court in Berlin for more charges ... was
again sentenced to prison!!!
INFO on Monika Schaefer's case: https://wir-sind-monika.com/
For expressing her opinion on historical events, Canadian citizen
Monika Schaefer has been arrested and imprisoned
(2018-1-3) in Germany. She had committed no crime. Author Mike Walsh warns
potential visitors to Germany to stay away from this dangerous police state.
–Merkel
Madness Grips Germany, (2018-1-7)
... Found guilty and sentenced to 10 months of imprisonment (time
served); her brother Alfred was sentenced to 38 months!! –(2018
November)
UPDATE (2019 August 10): Corruption of justice in Germany continues.
Alfred Schaefer
Receives 18 Months Additional Prison Time for Defending Himself!
Punished for simply presenting evidence for his own defense in court!
The 2022 George
Orwell Free Speech Award was presented to Alfred and Monika Schaefer,
July 30, 2022 in Vancouver.
A Response &
Appreciation of the Awards to Monika & Alfred Schaefer, by Timothy Cuish
of the Daily Rake.
For more on Freedom (and Objectivism),
visit:
Freedomain Radio (www.freedomainradio.com)
presented by Stefan Molyneux.
Just Right Media (www.justrightmedia.org)
|
... about the author ...
Curriculum Vitae
© Copyright 2005-2023 by
Conrad Ranzan & DSSU Research
For information regarding permission to reproduce selected material herein, please contact:
D S S U Research
Niagara Falls, Canada
22 years on the Internet.
Most recent update:
2023 Jan 6
Visits since mid-2010 :

2023-1-6
|
| |
Models of the Universe
~~ Historical ~~ Expanding ~~
Cellular ~~
Conrad Ranzan
DSSU Research,
Niagara Falls, Canada
www.CellularUniverse.org
Link to print version of this
article.
|
“…the universe itself acts on us as
a random, inefficient, and yet in the long run effective, teaching
machine. …our way of looking at the universe has gradually evolved through
a natural selection of ideas.”
–Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory,
p158 |
|
At one time almost all the science professors were
Aristotelians —the
establishment supporters of the Earth-centered universe. The heretical
revisionists were Copernicans —the
revolutionary proponents of the Sun-centered universe.
Today, almost all the science professors are Big-Bangers —the establishment
supporters of the exploding universe. The modern revisionists know them to
be wrong —profoundly
wrong. And the revisionists, armed with a new cosmology, can prove it.
The stage is set for the next revolution in cosmology.
The present article
traces, in summary form, how our way of looking at the universe gradually
evolved through a natural selection of ideas. It presents summary charts
of various models of the Universe including the sub-categories for the
Historical-, the Expanding-, and the Cellular- Universes. There is
also a summary of Miscellaneous Models. Some commonly accepted ideas are examined and found to be seriously
flawed. The primary emphasis is on that class of model neglected by
mainstream cosmology: The class of the Cellular Universe.
Included in this article's collection of Universe Models is a
precedent-setting entry with awesome predictive powers.
CONTENTS
1.
Historical Models of the Universe
2.
Expanding Universe Models
3.
Cellular Universe Models
4.
Two Conflicting World Views
5.
The Cellular DSSU Combines the Two Conflicting World Views
6. Miscellaneous Universe Models
|
1.
Historical Models of the Universe
The
following table outlines the significant historical models in
chronological order.
Notice that all the historic models possess one or more of the
attributes of expansion, contraction, and stability. Each universe can be
said to expand, oscillate between expansion and contraction, or do neither
and just sit there maintaining a static or equilibrium state. None can be
classified as cellularly structured. It seems that throughout history the
cellular universe was never seriously considered.
Table 1: Historical Models of the Universe |
NAME |
Author & Date |
Classification |
REMARKS |
Brahmanda (Earliest known model) |
Ancient Hindu Rig-Veda treatise on cosmology |
Cyclical or oscillating.
Infinite in time. |
The universe is a cosmic egg that cycles
between expansion and total collapse. It expanded from a
concentrated form —a point called a Bindu. The universe, as a
living entity, is bound to the perpetual cycle of birth, death, and
rebirth ... |
Pythagorean cosmology |
Ancient Greek “Pythagoreans”
600-400 B.C. |
Heliocentric |
The followers of Pythagoras believed that Earth (and
the planets) moved, along with the Sun, around a “central fire” at the
center of the universe, a central fire which was visible only
indirectly from its reflected light. The Earth rotated daily on its
own axis. The motions of the
planets were supposedly related to numerical harmonics like those of
musical notes. |
Atomist universe |
Anaxagoras (500-428 B.C.) & later Epicurus |
Infinite in extent |
The universe contains only two things: an
infinite number of tiny seeds, or atoms, and the void of infinite
extent. All atoms are made of the same substance, but differ in size
and shape. Objects are formed from atom aggregations and decay back
into atoms. Incorporates Leucippus’ principle of causality: ”nothing
happens at random; everything happens out of reason and necessity.”
The universe was not ruled by gods. |
Stoic universe |
Stoics 3rd & 4th c. B.C. |
Island universe |
The cosmos is finite and surrounded by an
infinite void. It is in a state of flux, as it pulsates in
size and periodically passes through upheavals and conflagrations
--reminiscent of some 20th-century models. |
Aristotelian universe
(based on the model of Plato’s student Eudoxus) |
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) |
Geocentric
Static, steady state, finite |
A
spherical and spatially-infinite cosmos. Spherical earth is surrounded by concentric
celestial spheres. Universe exists unchanged throughout
eternity. Emphasis on Plato’s geometric ideal of perfectly circular
orbits. Motions are caused and controlled by intelligent agents
("souls"). Contains a 5th element called
ether (also known as
quintessence).
The ideas of a beginning of the cosmos and of a beginning of time are
rejected. Aristotle’s cosmology is considered to be the first
“steady-state” universe. |
Aristarchean universe |
Aristarchus of Samos (circa 280 B.C.) |
Heliocentric |
Earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves
annually about the sun in a circular orbit. Sphere of fixed stars is
centered about the sun. Aristarchus beat Copernicus to this
realization by 1800 years. |
Ptolemaic model (based on the Aristotelian
universe) |
Claudius Ptolemaeus
(2nd century A.D.) |
Geocentric |
Universe orbits about a stationary Earth. Planets move in circular
epicycles, each having a center that moved in a larger circular orbit
(called an eccentric or a deferent) around a center-point near the
Earth. The use of equants added another level of complexity.
The most successful universe model of all time, using the criterion of
longevity. Almagest (the Great System). The System
allowed astronomers to predict the positions of the planets reasonably
well.
Its fatal flaw was its inability to account for the observable
changes in the phases of Venus, revealed after the invention of the
optical telescope just prior to 1608. |
Copernican universe |
Nicolaus Copernicus, 1543 |
Heliocentric |
The ancient Aristarchean universe rediscovered. The
Copernican universe was essentially a remapping of the Ptolemaic
scheme to make the Sun the center of the system rather than the
Earth. It retained ideal circular orbits and still needed epicycles.
But it captured the revolutionary idea that the Earth moves!
"Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres."
Condemned by the Catholic Church in 1616. |
Static Newtonian |
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) |
Static (evolving), steady state, infinite |
Every particle in the universe attracts every
other particle. Matter on the large scale is uniformly distributed.
Gravitationally balanced but UNSTABLE. |
Hierarchical universe
(Fractal universe) |
Immanuel Kant, Johann Lambert, 1700s |
Static (evolving), steady state, infinite |
Matter is clustered on ever larger scales of
hierarchy; forming a fractal universe. Matter is endlessly being
recycled.
Fatal flaw: It has a cosmic center. |
' ' |
Carl Charlier, early 20th century Swedish astronomer |
|
Charlier pointed out that "In a hierarchical universe the density of
matter becomes progressively less when averaged over larger and larger
regions." In theory, the hierarchy may be arranged so that in the
limit, on the cosmic scale, the average density of the universe
approaches zero. The larger the scale the weaker gravity becomes. On
the largest scale gravity vanishes. |
Einstein 'Equilibrium' universe |
Albert Einstein, 1917 |
Static (nominally). Bounded (finite) |
“Matter without motion.” Contains uniformly
distributed matter. Has a constant radius of RE= 1/Λ2.
Has uniformly curved spherical space; space is said to curve in on
itself. It is based on
Riemann’s hypersphere. Curvature is set equal to Λ.
In effect Λ is equivalent to a repulsive force
which counteracts gravity. UNSTABLE. |
MacMillan |
William MacMillan, 1920s |
Static &
steady state |
New matter is created from radiation. Starlight
is perpetually recycled into new matter particles. |
Dirac universe |
Paul Dirac, 1930s |
Expanding |
Demands a large variation in G, which decreases
with time. Gravity weakens as universe evolves. |
Note: the term “static” simply means not
expanding and not contracting. Symbol G represents Newton’s
gravitational constant; Λ (Lambda) is the cosmological
constant. |
The Ptolemaic model was the Western world’s most
popular and successful cosmology of all time, and represented the orthodox
view for almost 1500 years. It was so firmly established that only a
revolution could lead to dethronement. And as it happened the Copernican
revolution took hold. An Ancient idea gained new life as Copernicus
revived Aristarchus’ Heliocentric model and became
wide-spread throughout Europe and beyond. The Ptolemaic cosmology was doomed. Nothing could
save the long-established theory of the heavens: Not the vast power of the
Church; not the Papal edicts; not the threats of the Inquisitors; not the
torture of heretics; and not the burning of books.
If the succession of the Ptolemaic universe by the Copernican universe
represents the third cosmology revolution; then the overthrow of the
Copernican world by the Big Bang universe (discussed in the next section) represents the fourth
cosmology revolution. For the student of cosmology, what is worth noting
is the strange artificiality underlying both the most popular model of the
past and the most popular model of the 20th century:
The Ptolemaic model placed the Earth at its center and used geometric
elaborations involving circles within circles. It was a mechanically
intricate complexity that actually managed to replicate the apparent
orbital motions of the planets and make reasonably accurate positional
predictions. The Ptolemaic model, however, seems almost simple when
compared to the Big Bang model (BB). The BB uses geometric curvature, hot and cold
dark matter, dark energy (expansion), inflation (hyper-expansion), acceleration (when not using
deceleration), re-inflation (more expansion), and something called "open inflation."
[Scientific
American Jan 1999, p66] In the Archaic system, eccentrics,
epicycles, and equants, served as the model’s mechanical adjustments that permitted its
defenders to say, with a straight face, "See, the celestial objects are
precisely where they should be." In the modern BB system, there
exists a similar
situation. Such unreal things as space-curvature, dark matter, virtual
particles, inflation, acceleration, and even 9-dimensional strings, have all
been proposed to justify the similar claim, "See, the universe evolves
precisely as our revised model says that it should."
Ptolemy’s "eccentrics,
epicycles, and equants" were found to have no basis in reality and were
cast aside. Curvature, dark matter, virtual-particle energy, inflation, acceleration, and
strings, (as used in BB cosmology) are equally devoid of reality and, in
the fifth cosmological revolution, suffer the same fate.
Another popular historic model was the Hierarchical universe. With its
endless progression of systems of increasing size filling infinite space,
it seemed an elegant and simple construction. Unfortunately it could not
survive an important finding of modern cosmology.
Although the organization of matter into spherical and near
spherical systems is the rule over virtually the entire astronomical
hierarchy, the rule breaks down suddenly and dramatically when applied to
the top level —the largest structures in the astronomical Universe.
Witness the size progression: Gravitating bodies are spherical; planetary
and binary systems are spherical; solar systems are spherical; star
systems (globular clusters) are spherical; galaxies are, to varying
degrees, spherical; and finally rich galaxy clusters are spherical. But
there the rule ends. The clusters of galaxies are not grouped into
anything resembling spheres. “Instead, they are strung out in filaments,
which lie on the surfaces of huge bubblelike regions within which there are no
clusters and few or no bright galaxies.” Instead, the clusters surround
giant voids of empty space. [–David Layzer, 1991. Cosmogenesis, the
Growth of Order in the Universe, p166]
2.
Expanding Universe Models
The 20th century was the golden age of the expanding
type of universe. The philosophical and theological motivation for birth-and-rebirth
cosmology had, throughout the ages, favored universes that grow and
expand. But in the early years of the last century it was discovered
(thanks to Vesto Slipher’s surprising redshift measurements) that the distant galaxies
all appeared to be receding. Two interpretations emerged. The obvious idea
was that the galaxies are actually in Doppler motion and moving away
radially in all directions. The other view posited that space in general
---and the space between us and the “receding” galaxy in particular--- was
somehow expanding. Both views turned out to be wrong, but this
realization did not occur until many decades later. (Needless to say, there was also a minority view
in which the apparent recession was believed to be just that ---an
apparent recession.)
Then, as it happened during those heady days of model building, a simple but fateful extrapolation
was made: If galaxies appear to be receding, then the whole universe is
probably expanding. If the evidence shows that space expands, then the
whole universe must be expanding. Cosmology took a major turn. What had
for the most part been a stable universe was deemed, by the scientific
community, henceforth to be an expanding universe. The fourth revolution in
cosmology was a swift one. With the opposing sides coming to the same
conclusion, in spite of their differences over the interpretation of the
cosmic redshift, it is small wonder the revolution towards the
expanding-universe concept became unstoppable.
And so the 20th century became the age of discovery of the
seemingly endless ways in which the universe could expand ---at least on
paper, at least
mathematically. Table 2 describes the most
popular constructions and those with some special significance. Notice that Big
Bang cosmology is the main subclass of expanding-universe cosmology.
Table 2: Expanding Universe Models |
NAME |
Author & Date |
Classification |
REMARKS |
Brahmanda |
Ancient Hindu Rig-Veda
treatise on cosmology |
Expanding and contracting
in cycles.
Infinite in time. |
Models the Hindu belief
that the Universe has no absolute beginning or end, but follows a
perpetual cosmic creation and dissolution. See Table 1 for more
details. |
DeSitter universe |
Willem de Sitter, 1917
(Dutch astronomer) |
Expanding flat space.
Steady state.
Λ > 0 |
“Motion without matter.” Only apparently
static. Based on Einstein’s General Relativity. Scaling factor
(radius of a region of infinite universe) increases exponentially. |
Friedmann universe of spherical space |
Alexander Friedmann, 1922 (Russian
mathematician) |
Spherical expanding space.
k = +1; no Λ |
Space geometry is similar to Einstein’s
Equilibrium model, but in addition to the positive curvature of space
there is also a curvature of time. In Friedmann’s version of the
closed universe there is a beginning and an end to time when material
expands from and recollapses to infinite densities. Curvature constant
k = +1.
Expands then recollapses. Matter dominated. Spatially closed (finite). |
Friedmann universe of hyperbolic space |
Alexander Friedmann, 1924 |
Hyperbolic expanding space.
k = −1; no Λ |
Negative curvature. Said to be spatially
and materially infinite
(but ambiguous). Unbounded. Begins with expansion from a big bang of
infinite density. Expands forever (The question you’re not supposed to
ask is, What does it expand into?). |
Friedmann zero-curvature,
aka the Einstein-DeSitter universe |
Einstein & DeSitter, 1932 |
Expanding flat space.
k = 0; Λ = 0
Critical density |
Space-curvature constant k is zero; space
pressure is zero; cosmological constant Λ is zero.
Said to be infinite (but ambiguous). "Unbounded cosmos of limited extent."
Begins with a big bang and expands forever.
Specifically, the expanding distance between widely separated
galaxies varies as time to the 2/3 power. "Simplest"
of all known universes. Named after but not considered by Friedmann.
Has a deceleration term q =½, which means that its expansion
rate slows down.
(Einstein published his new model in a paper,
coauthored with Willem de Sitter, entitled “On the relation between
the expansion and the mean density of the universe” and presented at
the 1932 proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.) |
Georges Lemaître
the original Big Bang.
Aka the
Friedmann-Lemaître Model |
Georges Lemaître (Belgian priest &
mathematician) 1927 & 1929 & 1933 |
Expansion
Λ > 0
Λ > |Gravity| |
In 1927 Lemaître rediscovered the
Friedmann 1922 model; and in subsequent years he added a positive
Λ with a magnitude greater than Gravity. Universe has initial high density
state ("primeval atom"). Followed by a two-stage expansion. Λ
is used to destabilize the universe.
(Lemaître is
considered to be the father of the big-bang model.) |
Oscillating universe
(aka the Friedmann-Einstein; was latter’s 1st choice after rejecting his
1917 model) |
Favored by Friedmann,
1920s & 1930s |
Expanding and contracting in cycles |
Time is endless and beginningless; thus
avoids the beginning-of-time paradox. Perpetual cycles of big
explosion followed by big implosion. Each cycle is slightly larger and
longer than the preceding cycle owing to the growth of entropy.
However, back extrapolation revealed that the beginning paradox
could not in fact be resolved!
Philosophically- and theologically- motivated forms of the Oscillating, or more picturesquely, the “Phoenix” universe are among the oldest
known cosmologies. In Greek and Roman antiquity, for instance, each
eternally repeating cycle was called “a Great Year.” |
Eddington eternal universe |
Arthur Eddington, 1930 |
first Static
then Expands |
Static Einstein 1917 universe with its
instability disturbed into expansion mode; with relentless matter
dilution, it becomes a DeSitter universe. Λ dominates
gravity. |
Milne universe of
kinematic relativity |
Edward A. Milne,1933,
1935.
William H. McCrea,
1930s |
Kinematic
expansion with NO space expansion |
Rejects general
relativity and the expanding space paradigm. Gravity not
included as initial assumption. Obeys cosmological principle & rules
of special relativity. The Milne expanding universe consists of a
finite spherical cloud of particles (or galaxies) that expands WITHIN
flat space which is infinite and otherwise empty. It has a center and
a cosmic edge (the 'surface' of the particle cloud) which expands at
light speed. Milne's explanation of gravity was elaborate and
unconvincing. For instance, his universe has an infinite number of
particles, with a non-constant G, hence infinite mass, within a finite cosmic volume!!
It also has two separate time scales! |
Dirac universe |
Paul Dirac, 1930s |
Expanding |
Demands a large variation in G, which decreases
with time. Gravity weakens as universe evolves. |
Brans-Dicke |
Carl H. Brans Robert H. Dicke |
Expanding |
Based on Mach’s principle and general relativity. G varies with time
(G falls as the universe ages; G is proportional to 1/t),
and therefore mass also varies with time, as universe expands. “But
nobody is quite sure what Mach’s principle actually means.” |
Robertson-Walker
universe |
Howard Robertson,
Arthur Walker, 1935 |
Uniformly
expanding |
Uses the most
general form of the general relativity metric for a spacetime
satisfying the cosmological principle (homogeneity and isotropy).
Spacetime separates into uniformly curved space and cosmic time common
to all comoving observers. The formulation system is now known as the
Robertson-Walker metrics of cosmic time and curved space. |
Steady-state expanding (Bondi &
Gold) |
Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold, 1948 |
Expanding, steady state, infinite |
Matter creation rate maintains constant
density. Continuous creation out of nothing from nowhere. (Presumably,
like the Hoyle model below, the energy released by space expansion is
used in the process of matter creation.) Exponential
expansion. Deceleration term q = −1.
No mechanism for terminating matter; and therefore, arguably, violates
conservation of matter. |
Steady-state expanding (Hoyle) |
Fred Hoyle 1948 |
Expanding, steady state; but unstable |
Matter creation rate maintains constant
density. Energy released by space expansion is used in the process of
matter creation. But critics have argued that since matter
creation rate must be exactly balanced with the space expansion rate,
the system is unstable.
No mechanism for terminating matter; and therefore, arguably, violates
conservation of matter. |
Negative pressure universe |
William McCrea, 1951
(British cosmologist) |
Expanding, steady state |
A universe in tension: McCrea
proposed that a negative pressure (equivalent to a state of cosmic
tension) may be present in the universe. It can be detected only in
the way it affects the dynamics of the universe. As the universe
expands energy is released, and this energy
could take the form of newly created matter. |
Steady-state (Shrinking atom model) |
Fred Hoyle,
Narlikar, 1975 |
Static. Expansion is only apparent |
Instead of an expanding universe with
atoms of constant mass this model has a STATIC universe of SHRINKING
atoms making the universe appear to be expanding. When atoms grow in
size, universe appears to collapse. Avoids creation mystery. |
Cyclic Model |
Paul Steinhardt (Princeton); Neil Turok (Cambridge) 2002 |
Expanding and contracting in cycles |
A controversial revival of Oscillating
universe (above) based on brane and string theories.
Two parallel planes known as M-branes, one of which represents
our visible universe, collide periodically in a higher dimensional
space (up to 10-dimensional space in some versions). Each collision corresponds to a reversal from contraction to
expansion. Fails largely because the collision mechanism is highly
speculative and poorly understood. Details on Cyclic universe can be
found at
arxiv.org |
Symbol G represents Newton’s
gravitational constant; Λ (Lambda) is the cosmological
constant.
A table similar to this one appears in Wikipedia, the on-line encyclopedia,
as
Models of the Universe and was originally created by the author. |
SOME CLASSIFICATION NOTES
LAMBDA.
Lambda, Λ, when positive, is a force or effect that opposes
gravity. Lambda is an intrinsic property of space, or the space medium, itself.
AMBIGUITY OF INFINITY.
There is a certain ambiguity of the "infinite" designation
with respect to some models: If a universe has a
point-like beginning and then progressively expands as it ages, how can it
be infinite? Arguably, not in age! and certainly not in size!
A universe that is said to have a true beginning precludes
infinity of age. A universe that is said to expand precludes
infinity of size. The reason is simply that only finite entities can
logically be said to expand. To say that something of infinite size is
itself expanding is unnecessary as well as meaningless, for that which is
infinite is already fully expanded. That which is infinite in its spatial
dimensions cannot become more infinite. To say the universe becomes more
infinite in extent is to deny that it was infinite in the first place.
Furthermore, whatever is finite, no matter how much it grows, will always
remain finite; it can never become infinite.
TYPES OF EXPANSION.
Physicists have several methods for driving the expansion.
(1) Expansion may be caused by curvature of space. This is the
mathematical method. The great advantage is that it allows the confinement
of that which is infinite.
(2) Expansion caused by the physical growth of the space medium.
This is a plain-and-simple method. It allows theorist to give the space
medium various essential or fundamental properties —theory-specific
properties.
(3) Expansion caused by something called inflation. This
is the ‘save-the-appearance-by-any-means’ method.
(4) Expansion caused by something called dark energy. This
is the ‘murky-and-mysterious’ method.
(5) There are other methods such as Kinematic expansion, Quintessence,
Space tension, etc.
TYPES OF UNIVERSE THAT MAINTAIN EQUILIBRIUM:
Static Universe:
No expansion, no contraction —motionless.
A static universe is one that is constant in size.
Any contained objects can have peculiar motions
and can evolve.
Therefore, its appearance may change.
Steady State Universe: May have expansion or contraction, or a
harmonious balance of both.
Any activity that occurs must be
perpetual and unalterable.
Static Steady State: No expansion or contraction.
Its appearance, on average, must never
change.
Later, it will be shown that a cellular universe is another type that has the
ability to maintain equilibrium.
COMMENTARY ON CRUCIAL ASPECTS OF
THE EXPANSION PARADIGM
THE GRAVITY PROBLEM. Einstein, during his
early years, denied the existence of absolute
space, but this did not stop him from giving non-existent space some
suspiciously real properties such as geometric curvature and the dynamic
ability to expand and contract. His unreal space even acquired the
ability to order the very real motions of the planets, the stars
and the galaxies.
Edward Milne, at least, was more consistent. (See
Table 2 entry.) He
denied, just as Einstein had, the existence of absolute space, but then
went further. Having made it clear that space “by itself has no existence”
he refused to attribute to space any properties whatsoever
—no curvature, no
expansion, no contraction, no space-vacuum energy (no Λ). He rejected
general relativity and the expanding space paradigm of which he said,
|
This concept though
mathematically significant has by itself no physical content; it is
merely the choice of a particular mathematical apparatus for
describing and analyzing phenomena. An alternate procedure is to
choose a static space, as in ordinary physics, and analyze the
expansion phenomena as actual motions in this space.
–Milne, E. A. A Newtonian Expanding Universe, Quarterly Journal of
Mathematics, Oxford Ser., 5, 64 (1934) |
|
Unfortunately Milne’s purist rejection of all properties of space,
in favor of a Euclidean space, leads to the conclusion that his universe
possesses a center and a cosmic edge —attributes which no
realistic model may have. The other models in Table 2 do not fare any better. It turns out that almost all of
them share this problem.
Cosmic center and cosmic edge are imperfect features
a model-maker strives to expunge from his creation. And yet, they
persist, they demand inclusion. If gravity is to be a part of the grand
construction, which is almost always the case, then center and edge are
unavoidable.
David Layzer at Harvard in 1954 updated the notion that gravity is
impotent in a universe without center and edge. [–D. Layzer, On the
Significance of Newtonian Cosmology, Astronomical Journal 59, p268-270
(1954)] The finding had profound significance for conventional
cosmology. Categorically, the gravitational effect in expansion models is
definitively not impotent (the DeSitter model is an
exception). Gravity is actually one of the two most powerful and potent
grand-scale effects in, and of, the Cosmos (Λ is the other). The
conclusion was unavoidable. Concordant with Layzer’s research, all such
models do have a center and a cosmic edge! And why is this so bad?
... It is nothing less than a gross violation of a fundamental principle
of cosmology.
The gravity problem may be stated this way:
For gravity to be potent
there must be some sort of cosmic center and some kind of cosmic boundary, but at the same time,
while affirming gravity’s potency, there must be absolutely no violation
of the cosmological principle! While gravity requires some
sort of preferred location(s), the cosmological principle prohibits
preferred locations for the Universe!
There is only one class of models with the potential of solving the
Layzer gravity problem. Only one class. It is the cellular class, and will
be described later.
THE FAILURE OF EXPANSION MODELS. All the expanding universe
models above (and others not listed) have one common flaw. They all
violate an important axiom of cosmology —known as the containment
principle (as well as the related cosmological principle). It demands that the universe includes or contains
everything that is physical (everything measurable) and nothing else. In
practical terms it means a universe can have no boundary that separates
itself from some outer region that is not a part of itself.
Any hypothesis that does not comply is burdened with a fatal flaw and
is precluded from rising to the status of a viable theory. A noncompliant model
carries a red flag; it labels itself as an implausible model.
Astrophysicist Henning Genz sums up the situation:
|
Let me stress that all these
models of the development of the universe from nothing ... from some
point
[like the primordial atom of the Big Bang models]...
have to be seen for what they are: models, devoid of compelling
experimental verification. The scenarios we develop from them are
possible, and they illustrate various features we can follow up on,
but none is ultimately persuasive. –Nothingness: The Science of
Empty Space, p296 |
|
As David Layzer argued, if gravity is to be a dominant
force/effect then a limiting boundary or cosmic edge must exist. We know
that gravity is the dominant player in our Universe. So let us ask the
question, the one the experts tell us we are not supposed to ask: As the Big Bang universe (or any expanding universe) expands,
what in the world (or whatever) is it expanding into? Furthermore, if it
is expanding into a nothingness-void (or whatever), why isn’t that
considered part of our universe? The "whatever" region is a forbidden
region beyond the cosmic edge.
Conversely we might ask, in the case of the contracting phase of the
oscillating models, what happens to the volume that the fully-expanded
universe had previously occupied? Is it still there ready to be revisited
during the next expansion phase? The answer: Unless we are willing to use
the magic of mathematics as our guide to reality, the only rational answer
is to admit that expanding models are but sub-universes of a full-status
Universe —one
that is infinite in extent and nonexpanding.
MATHEMATICAL MAGIC. True enough, mathematical hyper-dimensional space
can conform to the above principles. Here, one should try to
understand that (mathematically speaking) curved cosmic space can form a
four-dimensional sphere called a hypersphere. If your
imagination is good, think of ordinary three-dimensional space being
analogous to the two-dimensional surface of an ordinary sphere: Such a
universe is said to be finite and unbounded. Inside a
four-dimensional sphere (hypersphere) one can travel indefinitely in any
direction without reaching an edge; just as on the surface of a
three-dimensional sphere. A universe hypothesized as a geometric
hypersphere is a marvelous thing. It has no exterior to which we can point
and say, "Hey, this outer region is not contained in your universe!" No
exterior to which light can ever escape! Yes, there are equations that,
almost like magic, prove that light never leaves the confines of the hypersphere
universe, but instead, curves in its path to re-emerge from the opposite direction
(having circumnavigated the hypersphere). This means that
in a universe of positively curved space if you could see far
enough and wait long enough you would glimpse the back of your head
—the light beam having circled the universe to arrive at the front of your telescope
[–Timothy Ferris, The Whole Shebang, p320]. The equations dictate that
over the course of many billions of years light circumnavigates the
universe.
Welcome to the wonderful world of curved space. If you think the
foregoing defies all common sense, you are not alone. Something doesn’t
seem right; yet it would be pointless to argue with the logic of the
formulation. Mathematically the Friedmann universe of positively
curved space (and the Einstein 1917 universe,
Table 1), which is based on the
hypersphere, does not have a cosmic edge and does not violate
containment. The ‘something’ that does not seem right is the
connection with objective reality. We base our principles on reality
—and a real universe cannot have a cosmic edge. The question
is, “Is the hypersphere based on reality?"
The choice is simply this: Accept the truth of the statement:
If something is real (has a physical reality) then it can be
represented mathematically. Or accept the truth of the converse: If
something can be represented mathematically then it is real (has a
physical reality).
The validity of the first statement should immediately be
self-evident. Anything that is physically real can be measured (length,
width, height, time, speed, temperature, pressure, mass, force, energy,
... ). Measurements, of course, can be converted into numbers and numbers
can be manipulated with mathematics. Now what about the converse
statement, is it also true? ... It is not. It does not follow that if
something can be represented mathematically then it must possess a
physical reality. To make such a claim constitutes an error in logic
known as the fallacy of the converse. The choices offered above are not
logically equivalent.
Reality is the master that restrains the applicability of
mathematics. Mathematics does not dictate reality. It is physical
law that determines the mathematical constructions; mathematical
constructions do not necessarily determine the laws of physics.
|
All mathematics ... can be
interpreted as mapmaking. Pure mathematics constructs maps of abstract
space. A mathematician can map the contours of a four-dimensional
sphere or a ten-dimensional cube without worrying about whether any
such thing actually exists.
–Timothy Ferris, The Whole Shebang, p70
[Some theories]
substitute mathematical symbols as the basis of science and deny that
any concrete experience underlies these symbols, thus replacing an
objective [universe] by a subjective universe.
–Louis Trenchard More, as in Revolution in Science, I. Bernard Cohen, p414 |
|
That the latter choice can lead to a dead-end is easily revealed. If
mathematics ruled reality then the various string theories that have
occupied theorists for decades would long ago have been verified. String
theory involves several branches of mathematics, elegant equations,
kaleidoscopic symmetries, unfathomable complexity, and little else.
Research into strings and membranes have so far shown that any and all
hypotheses that require more than the basic four dimensions (3 spatial and
1 temporal) do not represent anything that is real in a physical sense.
One must conclude that a 4-dimensional sphere is not something real. A
universe based on the 4-dimensional sphere —whether the hypersphere of positively curved space or of negatively
curved space—
is not a real universe. Furthermore, one must recognize that higher
dimensional geometry (and topology) when misapplied turns into a
mathematical trick to circumvent the cosmic edge and cosmological
principle.
UNIVERSAL EXPANSION AND INFINITE SIZE ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE. All the
expansion models (Table 2), although
meticulously crafted, are speculative. Each uses its own mathematical
construction in an attempt to dictate reality. Each fails a crucial
reality check. The models of Table 2 all
represent universes that expand and are, explicitly or implicitly, of
finite size. These two properties are not coincidental. One cannot
construct a universe predicated on universe-wide expansion, then expect to
have unrestricted freedom of choice with respect to size —finite or
infinite. If one claims that an entire universe expands, then it must
necessarily be a finite universe. By that very activity of growing, it
defines itself as a universe of limited extent.
And what is so faulty with finite constructions? ... Well,
there‘s that cosmic-edge-and-forbidden-region problem once again. A
universe of finite size has an uncontained exterior into which it is
expanding. Each expansion model fails because it neglects the reality that the
Universe we live in has always been fully expanded. This universe is
infinite and cannot expand!
However, this does not mean that no expansion takes place
in our universe. Let it be stated categorically: The space
medium (the vacuum) is expanding in the universe.
The vacuum expands as part of a “harmony of opposites” as the
Ancient Greeks would say. The vacuum expands in a patterned
equilibrium with opposing contraction. Note the distinction: Expansion is
in the universe, not of the universe.
The historic Steady State models are classified as
"infinite" (Table 2); but as
already explained, this
cannot be. One cannot claim that a universe is infinite in extent and
simultaneously expanding (no matter how good one's imagination). The two
concepts are mutually exclusive.
FEAR OF INFINITY. If it is so easy to expose the failings of the
expansion models, how then does one explain their persistent popularity?
Think, for a moment, of mankind’s fallible ways of selecting and promoting ideas. Everything else being
equal, which hypothesis will grab more headlines, generate more
excitement, motivate more recruits, elicit more government and corporate
funding: on the one hand, a scenario of universal expansion with a fire-and-brimstone genesis, or on the other hand, a scenario in which
nothing extraordinary happened (there was no beginning and the
universe simply exists in some state of steady processes)? ... Exactly. The flashy
award-winning Block-Buster theory will upstage the staid and steady
presentation. Throw in the support that occurred during the 20th century) of
the Western World’s dominant religion with its affinity for cataclysmic
events and, behold, the Expansion model becomes enshrined in reverence. It
becomes a popular religiocultural icon. And to suggest that the sanctioned
view-of-the-world is wrong is risky. Any alternative view becomes ungodly.
If someone wanted to proffer a deeper reason
for the popularity of expansion models, then the fear of the infinite would be
a likely choice. All the models, arguably, avoid the dreaded concept of
infinite size. Although the Bondi-Gold steady-state model claims to
be infinite, the argument that was used above reveals otherwise. If one is
willing to delve deeper, the fear of infinity can be found in
diverse fields and throughout
history ---in philosophy, in religion (let none forget why Giordano Bruno
was tortured to death), in mathematics, in science, and in modern
cosmology.
THE MOST CRITICAL DEFECT. The most critical defect of all Expansion
models is their inability, utterly hopeless inability, to account for
what is known as the Abell-85 anomaly —a major inexplicable
configuration of galaxy clusters in the direction of the A85 rich cluster.
THE LAWS OF PHYSICS ALLOW BOTH
SPACE EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. So far, the
discussion has focused on expansion —expansion of space (the vacuum), expansion of the
universe. There is, however, another side to the story. Einstein wrote,
|
Cosmic expansion may be simply a temporary condition which will be
followed at some future epoch of cosmic time by a period of
contraction. The universe in this picture is a pulsating balloon in
which cycles of expansion and contraction succeed each other through
eternity. |
|
The significance of the dual expanding and contracting models is that
astrophysicists acknowledge that if the vacuum can expand then it can also
contract. The postulating of oscillating and cyclic models
represents tacit admission that if space can expand then it can also
contract. This is important to the DSSU model which takes the unique and
perfectly legitimate step of using both expansion and contraction. Moreover,
it uses them simultaneously.
3.
Cellular Universe Models
This section deals with that class of models neglected by mainstream cosmology: The class
of the Cellular Universe.
It is rather surprising that during the 20th century the cellular concept
was never
seriously applied to the universe. Consider what is obvious: so much of the
natural world divides itself into repetitive subunits. Prominent in this
tendency is the organic realm; all organisms are structurally divided into
living cells. Entities such as viruses, classified as somewhere between
living and non-living, are structured as cells. The inorganic realm as
well, structures itself as cells: Ice under certain natural conditions
becomes cellular and is referred to as candled ice; crystalline
minerals are composed of unit cells of the fourteen Bravis Lattices. One
of the most remarkable examples of molecular-scale formation of cells is
the buckyball structure of molecular carbon C60
found in the rare coal-like mineral known as shungite. In their
geometric perfection they are indeed remarkable. On a larger scale:
sun-baked and dehydrated mudflats crack into polygonal cells; the tundra
of the Canadian north, in response to the expansion-and-contraction effect
of the freeze-thaw cycle, is shaped into large flat cells. Even the sun’s
surface is divided into cells (called thermal convection cells). If one
considers individual atoms and molecules as being cell-like, then all
solids, liquids and gases are likewise cellular. ... Then why not the
entire universe?
It seems a reasonable proposal, being as it is nature's
preferred arrangement. The only necessary ingredients for cellularizing
the universe are the processes of space-medium expansion and
contraction —known processes, known to take place. Matter itself is
ancillary. In this simplification, matter in the form of luminous stars
and galaxies serves only to highlight the boundaries of the cells formed
by the dynamics of space itself.
Yet the concept, as applied to the universe, has been almost
totally neglected (as the brevity of Table 3
reveals)! The table has only three entries: an antiquated one, an
observational one, and a theoretical one.
A search of the literature will find no true cellular models
—only
quasi-cellular ones. The construction of René Descartes (the Cartesian
Vortex universe, Table 3) is more of a
historical model than anything else; it is probably the first attempt at a
cellular design. The Descartes model uses a vortex hypothesis in an effort
to explain the formation of astronomical structures such as stars,
planets, comets, and planetary systems.
With its aether-like space in dynamic motion it was definitely on the
right track.
Table 3: Cellular Universe Models |
NAME
(or Type) |
Author & Date |
Classification |
REMARKS |
Cartesian Vortex universe |
René Descartes
17th century |
Quasi-cellular
INFINITE |
A system of huge swirling whirlpools of aethereal or
fine matter produces what we would call gravitational effects. His
vacuum was not empty. All space was filled with matter that swirled
around in large and small vortices. The universe was a system of
interlocking vortices called “tourbillons.” |
Observational |
Jaan Einasto 1977 |
Quasi-cellular |
Structure of the universe has a preferred cellular
scale of 100 mega parsec. However, this structure exists within a
universe believed to be
expanding. |
Dynamic Steady State Universe
(D S S U)
(consisting of cosmic cells) |
Conrad Ranzan 2002 |
Cellular,
quasi-static in structure;
steady state in terms of processes;
infinite |
The DSSU infinite universe is a stable lattice-like
structure of cosmic cells. Categorically a nonexpanding
universe.
Spatially distinct regions of expanding and contracting aether are
maintained by the equilibrium expressed in: |contractile gravity| =
|expansionary Λ|.
Cosmic cells are self-regulating in size and are in a perpetual steady
state of simultaneous medium-expansion and medium-contraction. In
other words, the "space" constituting a cell is continuously dynamic.
The cell boundaries constitute a stable (almost static) Euclidean
structure that exists within the nonexpanding universe.
DSSU complies with both the Copernican principle and the
perfect cosmological principle (time-independent homogeneity and
isotropy on the large scale).
Founded on an aether theory of gravity. |
The cellular class is defined by the
compartmentation of the one-and-only real Universe. The cellular type of universe should not be confused with
what are popularly known as bubble universes. Bubble
universes belong to the class of multiverses (a speculative class which also
includes parallel worlds and multiple domains); some of
the better known are described in Table 4
Miscellaneous Universe Models.
The Bubble model of Alan Guth and the
Chaotic-Inflation (bubble) model of Andreï Linde, as
Table 4 makes obvious, are highly
speculative. With names suggestive of instability (think bursting bubbles)
and chaotic randomness, they are far removed from stable cellular
organization and it comes as no surprise that they make no meaningful
predictions. They are completely unable to explain the Universe and its phenomena.
There are many additional bubble models; practically all are based
on the concept of inflationary space. The list includes extended inflation,
natural inflation,
hybrid inflation and many others. The description Andreï Linde applies to
one of his favorite, the self-reproducing inflationary universe,
gives the impression that his universe is diseased with a chronic cosmic
cancer: There are scalar fields that evolve to produce arrays of inflating
bubbles, some of which mature to make more bubbles, and so on ... ad infinitum. “In
essence, one inflationary universe sprouts other inflationary bubbles,
which in turn produce other inflationary bubbles.” [The
Self-Reproducing Inflationary Universe, Scientific American Nov 1994,
p38] Models of this nature never achieve equilibrium, and cannot be
truly cellular.
Coming back to
Table 3, the quasi-cellular universe
attributed to Jaan Einasto is strictly an
observational entry. By Einasto’s own admission it has no theoretical
backing.
The Dynamic Steady State Universe (DSSU) stands alone
and professes to be the first true cellular universe. It is
supported by the observations of veteran astronomer, Jaan Einasto. As a
comprehensive model it incorporates the very cause, as well as the effect,
of gravitation. No other model in mainstream cosmology makes such a claim.
The
Dynamic Steady State Universe has the distinction of being the first
universe model in the history of cosmology to incorporate the concept of a
fully-dynamic aether medium, which means, first and foremost, that
the space medium expands and contracts. In the DSSU model,
space-medium expansion is a primary dynamic activity. But note carefully,
aether expands regionally. Simultaneously, aether contracts elsewhere —again,
regionally. Hence, there is cellular order inherent in this universe.
The space medium expands as part of a “harmony of opposites” as the Ancient Greeks would say. The space
medium expands in a patterned equilibrium with opposing contraction.
The patterned equilibrium is shown in the schematic of Fig. 1.
The model represents dynamic stability: Expansion is in
the universe, not of the universe.
The DSSU, being infinite, has no cosmic center and no cosmic edge
(and no forbidden external regions). And yet,
remarkably, gravity retains its potency!
Gravity asserts its power regionally.
This cellular model of the universe solves the Layzer gravity problem.
It manages to maintain gravity’s potency by ordering the Universe into
gravity regions (cells) each with its own cosmic center and
boundaries. See the popular article
Gravity and Lambda --a Story of Opposite.
The details of the
gravity resolution and other aspects of DSSU theory are explored in
several research papers by the author and are available at
www.CellularUniverse.org .
4. Two
Conflicting World Views
An overview of World models
WORLD VIEWS. It is
possible to argue that the major world views, past and present, can be
grouped into the perpetual, unchanging, universe on the one hand and the
dynamic, tumultuous, even cyclical and plural, on the other —or simply,
the steady-state view and the dynamic-state view.
The early Chinese believed in a steady state "celestial sphere" theory
which was later (3rd century AD) displaced by a weak dynamic
system, conceived as an infinite empty-space universe in which
astronomical bodies floated freely subjected only to a mysterious "hard
wind" force.
The dynamic system (the Brahmanda,
Table 1 & 2)
of the Buddhists, in addition to having a plurality of universes, used
lengthy time cycles of destruction and rebirth of the universe. The
Cartesians (Table 3), in contrast, had
their steady state universe which was filled with matter and in which the
same amount of matter and motion is always conserved. Since we cannot
think of any limit to the extent of space, it was argued, the Cartesian
universe must be infinite.
WORLD VIEWS IN CONFLICT. The scientific debate (using a rather
broad meaning) between proponents of the unchanging universe and the
defenders of a dynamic universe has existed for the most part of three
millennia. Aristotle and Eudoxus’ crystalline celestial spheres were in
opposition to Heraclitus and Anaximander’s perpetual change where nothing
ever stays still and all things are processes. "All things are in
flux," the dynamic side claimed. The ancient steady-staters came out on top, the
dynamic-movers had to bide their time.
In another age, Copernicus (1473-1543) still believed in a rigid sphere
of stars when he shifted the center of the universe. Thomas Digges
(1543-95) probably felt that the system was too unchanging and opted for a
theory in which stars extended infinitely into space, not fixed to a celestial
sphere as Copernicus had believed. However, the church decreed that the
heavens, once created, embody unchanging perfection; Giordano Bruno
(1548-1600) did not entirely agree and suffered the Christian consequences
of heresy.
In the last century, Einstein’s delicately-crafted steady state
universe of 1917 (Table 1) was overturned
by Lemaître’s violent primordial bomb (Table 2).
In 1939, in the United States, George Gamow, Ralph Alpher and Hans Bethe
developed a version of the Big Bang that involved cataclysmic creation a ‘hot’ nuclear explosion.
Within a
decade it was countered by the Bondi-Gold continuous creation, constant
density,
steady state (SS) universe (Table 2);
and by the very similar steady state model of Fred Hoyle (Table 2).
Then in 1952 the world’s dominant Church decided to proclaim
the revised infallible truth. The universe was no longer in a perpetual steady state
of perfection, but rather a dynamic state of perfection; in
the new version the universe had a primeval fireball genesis and has
undergone explosive expansion ever since. It may expand forever, and yes, even to infinity —Giordano,
your sin, your insight into infinity, has been forgiven. The sad and
tragic irony: Given enough time, heresy becomes orthodoxy.
With the discovery of the cosmic background radiation (CBR) and
its misinterpretation as the creationists’ smoking gun, the Lemaître side
claimed victory over the Steady State. Thereafter, the SS
model declined in popularity as Mainstream researchers turned their
attention to the development of a bewildering variety of dynamic
expansion models (overwhelmingly, variations of the big-bang theme).
... Although greatly weakened, the
steady-state side never accepted defeat. The steady state
concept was too beautiful to discard; it had the ingredients most
desirable in any fundamental and valid theory: simplicity and
inevitability. Work continued on the model. Hoyle, Burbidge, and Narlikar
introduced the Quasi-Steady State Cosmology in an attempt to allow
for the evolution of the CBR temperature in a universe that is always the
same over the very long term. A sinusoidal cycle is superimposed over the
exponential growth of the scaling factor (a measure of expansion analogous
to the radius of the universe). It is a universe with alternating cosmic
periods of expansion and contraction. See Edward Wright's
summary. (Just think, if they had used
simultaneous expansion and contraction they could have called it the
Dynamic Steady State.)
Sometimes one side or the other runs out of scientific arguments. The
English physicist C. J. Isham argued in favor of the BB by questioning the
atheism and psychological motivation of the advocates of the opposing Steady State.
While on the SS side, John Maddox, the editor of Nature, in 1989 argued against the BB
and judged its cosmogony “philosophically unacceptable.” [–Adolf Grünbaum.
Creation in Cosmology, Encyclopedia of Cosmology, p126]
The mass-media and mass-culture of today interpret and present
"space
science" in the frame of the BB model. Any unexpected observations or
inconsistencies that arise bring another adjustment to the BB model. This
involves a Ptolemaic-like modification designed to “save appearances” and
retain the model. The official establishment model is not allowed
to fail. The formal scientific community feeds the media the
establishment model, and the media then amplify the message, while the
Steady State is largely ignored. And worse, it is sometimes treated as
though it had never existed. “It is telling that when Allan Guth, the
young elementary particle physicist who first proposed the inflationary
universe model in 1980, was asked about its relationship to the steady
state model, his answer was ‘What is the steady state theory?’ ”
[–Helge Kragh.
Steady State Theory, Encyclopedia of Cosmology, p635 ]
The BB model gives all appearance of a solid and secure theory. Writers
and spokespeople are relentless in emphasizing just how indubitably secure
it seems with its observational successes and scientifically sound
hypotheses. The 2006 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded for research into
CBR, the phenomenon that is still interpreted as the remnant flash of a
genesis event, affirming the establishment’s patronization of the
dynamic world view —the
BB model. It seems unassailable. And yet ...
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One of
the obvious lessons to be learned from the history of scientific
achievement is that no theory survives forever, and that often when things
seem most settled new observations and fresh ideas replace them with new
concepts. But, then, this is part of the adventure that is science, part
of the slow conquest of the puzzle that is the natural world, part of what
Alfred Noyes so elegantly termed the ‘long battle for the light’ in which
man has engaged since the first days of his earliest civilization.
–Colin Ronan, Science: its History and Development Among the World Cultures, p527 |
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Attacks on the BB
model can be found in popular books such as: The Big Bang Never
Happened, by Eric J. Lerner, which advocates Hannes Alfvén's Plasma
Cosmology instead of the Big Bang theory. Astronomy On Trial: A
Devastating and Complete Repudiation of the Big Bang Fiasco (1999) by
Roy C. Martin. Another book, Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and
Academic Science, by the legendary astronomer Halton Arp, is described
as “a frontal assault on the standard model of the universe.”
But the main arena in which the conflict of the World views
takes place is that of science journals and magazine. There, one may find
a wealth of articles critical of the Big Bang and many more published in
its defense.
5.
The Cellular DSSU Combines the Two Conflicting World Views
The DSSU theory manages to
accomplish the seemingly impossible: it combines the world view of
perpetual change with the other world view embracing the absence of
change. It brings together both sides of the contentious issue that
has divided cosmologists and philosophers for millennia. The cellular DSSU
is both dynamic and static. It is static in the sense
that the universe neither expands nor contracts. And it is dynamic
in the sense that the universe is permeated by an immaterial medium that
is dynamic (it induces motion). And most importantly, this universe is
both dynamic and static simultaneously and perpetually —not
sequentially. [–C. Ranzan, "The Dynamic Steady State Universe"
Physics Essays Vol.27, No.2, p286-315 (2014)]
The dynamic flow pattern of the space medium sustains
cosmic-scale cells, as shown in Fig. 1.
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Fig. 1.
Flow pattern of the dynamic space medium sustains cosmic-scale cells.
The hexagon is a highly-schematic 2-dimensional representation of a
single cell of the DSSU. The red arrows represent the effect of
Lambda. The blue arrows represent the
effect of Gravity. |
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The Universe, on the
grandest scale, is mainly static. See Fig. 2.
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Fig. 2.
Static Cellular Universe. Each hexagon represents a
dodecahedral cell (about 300 million lightyears across) within an
infinite and static (nonexpanding, noncontracting) universe. (Again, highly schematic) |
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UNIFICATION OF MODELS. It is rather ironic but all the
evidence indicates that the kinematic and dynamic expansion of the big
bang and contraction of the big crunch and the perpetual
uniformity of the steady state, when brought together, comprise a
comprehensive cosmic theory. The research conducted over many years in the
preparation of numerous DSSU articles found no evidence to the contrary.
Our world is both an ever-changing dynamic universe and an unchanging
steady-state universe. The DSSU is the triple amalgam of dynamic
"space", steady state processes, and static structure. And like
the structure of a living organism there is an ongoing renewal and
cell-scaffolding replacement.
It has happened before. In the history of science there are
found two notable
rival theories that claimed to describe the nature of light.
One was known as the wave theory, the other the corpuscular theory (or
stream-of-particles theory). After several contentious centuries there
emerged a wave-particle duality theory of electromagnetic radiation. In other words, the explanation of light
required both wave and particle theories. Remarkably, conflicting
explanations became united to form a superior single theory.
A functionally superior theory of the Universe requires features from
the two conflicting world views. The explanation of our Universe
requires dynamic vacuum, steady state processes, and quasi-static structure.
THE DSSU IN THE COMPETITION OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES. The system for the
selection of scientific truth involves lots of random scattered ideas and
theories competing for survival. There follows the selection of the idea
that seems to work best. One idea dominates, and this is followed by its
amplification. [–Heinz Pagels, The Dreams of Reason, p138] ...
But no theory, no matter how orthodox, is ever safe from competition.
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Scientific
knowledge, like the evolution of life, is a selective system.
Theories of the natural world evolve... –Heinz Pagels, Ibid., p168 |
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Now if a superior idea is omitted from the initial selection system,
then an inferior idea may take hold —then reasonable people may be led
astray. The superior idea —the cellular-universe idea with
its dual nature (or triple nature)— has never been put forward. It has
never been in the competition (and therefore has never been rejected).
While the standard Steady State and others were rightfully
rejected, the BB became dominant (by default), became amplified, and now
rules under the sponsorship of the Academic Establishment. The only
"debate" has been among different versions of the BB model. None of these
versions is persuasive.
The future of cosmology lies not with a simplistic
single-cell Big Bang but with a multi-cell, dynamic,
Steady State.
6. Miscellaneous Universe Models
Table 4: Miscellaneous Universe Model |
NAME (Type) |
Author & Date |
Classification |
REMARKS |
Plasma Universe |
Hannes Alfvén (Nobelist), 1965 |
not classified |
Infinite in time; the universe has always
existed. Infinite in size. The "big bang" is merely a local
explosion. Not based on general relativity. Galaxies and clusters of
galaxies are shaped not only by gravity, but by vast electrical and
magnetic fields. Based on the observed fact that the matter of the
universe is 99% plasma —ionized
gas that can conduct electricity. The universe is sculpted by
titanic electric currents and associated magnetic fields that flow
through the plasma. (–Eric J. Lerner, The Big Bang Never Happened,
Discover 1988, June)
No space expansion. Cosmic redshift is caused
by energy loss when light interacts with atoms in the inter-galactic
medium.
Utilizes matter-antimatter symmetry in the sense that the universe may be
composed of separate cosmic bubbles of each type of matter.
|
Multiverse (or meta-universe) |
Hugh Everett (originator)
Max Tegmark (main proponent) |
multiverse
(Generally an infinite universe with fractal structure at all scales.) |
A multiverse (or meta-universe) is the hypothetical
set of multiple possible universes (including our universe). The
different universes within a multiverse are called parallel universes
or "parallel worlds."
The narrow meaning of "multiverse" applies to a set of
disconnected space-times. The broad meaning includes virtually any
kind of multiple-domain and multiple-parallel universes.
Multiverse models in general lack the empirical connection with
reality that comes with hard physical evidence; they arguably fall
outside the methodology of scientific investigation. They cannot be
confirmed or disproved; and therefore are more mathematically
theoretical and metaphysical than scientific in nature.
The multiverse represents more of a classification than it does a
theory. As a theory it is weak since it allows for far too many
possibilities ---evident in the 4 hierarchical levels of
classification of possible meta-universes. |
Bubble Universe |
see below |
complex expanding universe |
Bubble Universe concept involves an infinite
number of "bubbles" or open multiverses; each may have different
effective physical constants, dimensionality, and particle content.
Both large and small bubbles are created from the quantum foam energy
fluctuations of a "parent universe." A small energy fluctuation leads
to the formation of a tiny bubble universe which may experience some
expansion like an inflating balloon, and then contract and disappear
from existence. However, an energy fluctuation greater than a
particular critical value, leads to the formation of a bubble universe
which experiences long-term expansion, and the possible formation of
matter and large-scale galactic structures. This Bubble universe
concept fits well with the widely employed hypothesis of cosmic
inflation as well as chaotic inflation. |
Inflation (Bubbles) model |
Alan Guth
1981 |
complex expanding universe |
An evolving universe based on the speculative concept of
hot inflation. (In the original model the bubbles were way
too small, while in a later version they were too big.) As the early
hot universe cooled, a supercooled vacuum-state developed which
eventually led to a process of bubble nucleation ---bubbles of
true vacuum spontaneously form in the sea of false vacuum
and begin a rapid lightspeed expansion. While bubbles are expanding
at the speed of light, the bubbles themselves are spaced far enough
apart so that the expansion of inter-bubble space made any bubble
interaction exceedingly rare. The problem: there was a
knife-edge balance involving the rate of bubble formation. If the
rate is not finely tuned, the scenario fails.
Since each bubble represents a separate universe, Guth’s model
should also be classified as a multiverse. |
Inflation (Bubbles) models |
Andreï Linde,
Andreas Albrecht, Paul Steinhardt
1982 |
complex expanding universes |
A grab bag of
evolving universes of the multiverse type; based on the
speculative concept of cold inflation (in contrast to Guth’s hot
inflation). And again, bubbles nucleate in a spacetime foam. Inflation
models violate the cosmological principle. Inflation theory, in
Linde’s words, “predicts that on the extremely large scale the
Universe becomes entirely inhomgeneous ...”
Andreï Linde’s 1983 version, called Chaotic Inflation,
has "little bangs" inflating themselves, at random, all over the
place. Each with independent initial conditions; some expand into
bubble universes supposedly like our entire cosmos. |
The QSSU |
Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Burbidge, Jayant V. Narlikar
1993 |
cyclical expansion and contraction |
The whole universe steadily expands and contracts (yet
is not
considered to be a finite universe). The universe
undergoes cyclic oscillations between periods of compression and
rarefaction involving enormous time scales. A notable characteristic
is that new matter formation takes place in regions of intense
gravitation, primarily in active galactic nuclei. Uses a Machian
theory of gravity. Space and time are geometrized (as in general
relativity theory). |
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The Plasma Universe has a serious down side;
it does not make sufficiently concrete predictions that would allow one to test and to
judge the validity of the theory. A point of interest is that it
postulates the existence of vast magnetic vortices which are reminiscent
of René Descartes' 17th-century Vortex universe with its system of huge
swirling whirlpools of fine matter.
The originator of the multiverse concept
is generally considered to be Hugh Everett whose 1957 Princeton doctoral
thesis first presented what has come to be called the "many worlds"
interpretation of quantum mechanics.
But the concept is more a flight of fantasy than science
—a mathematical fantasy spawned in “the century of mathematical universes.”
Cosmologist Edward Harrison sums up this category nicely: "When
postulating other universes [multiverses] we quit the solid ground of
empirical knowledge for the airy heights of unfalsifiable speculation."
[–E. R. Harrison, Masks of the Universe, p288]
The Quasi-Steady-State Universe (QSSU)
is an infinite universe that is steadily expanding and contracting on a
time scale of about 1000 giga-years (1012 years). In a later version the time scale of the
expanding and contracting cycles is 40-50 giga-years. The cyclic oscillations
"involve maximum and minimum periods of compression and rarefaction" with
creation activity in galactic nuclei being greatest in the periods of
compression. It is a universe based on a modified version of Einstein's
geometrized space and time.
New matter formation takes place at active galactic nuclei where
astronomers observe energy in the form of hot gas, relativistic particles,
and coherent objects being ejected (comparable to H. Arp’s view) but nothing falling in. The traditional
view of the black hole as representing the crushing collapse of matter is
rejected. Ejection, not mass inflow, is the dominant mode of a black hole;
and this is how new matter and energy, sometimes in the form of compact
objects such as galaxies and quasi-stellar objects, is born. This is the
cosmogony of small "big bangs" in which energy is created in regions of
very strong gravitational fields in already existing systems.
[–G. Burbidge, An Alternative Approach to Cosmogony and Cosmology, J. Astrophys. Astr.
(1997) 18, p349-351] Continuous matter-creation events occur in regions of
very strong gravitational fields in the centers of galaxies in a process
supported by the Hoyle-Narlikar C-field theory ("C" for creation) which contains a
modification of Einstein’s theory. Matter creation is balanced by negative
kinetic energy (whatever that is!). Unlike Einstein's cosmological
constant, which has a positive value, the QSSU's Λ is negative; and
"does not represent the [vacuum] energy density of the quantum fields."
The model uses a Machian notion of gravity in which mass and
inertia arise from the interaction of a body or particle with all the
other bodies in the universe. But like all Machian models it lacks a
causal mechanism for gravitation.
The QSSU can explain the abundances of the light elements and their
isotopes. All elements are the product of stellar-based nuclear processes.
Microwave background radiation is a local effect caused by space
borne iron whiskers having favorable characteristics.
Like all other models of the universe, except the cellular class,
the QSSU does not give a cause for the rotation of galaxies.
Although it claims to be an alternative to the discredited BB
model, the QSSU, amazingly, supports the expanding universe paradigm. The
QSSU embraces the very same pillar that makes the BB model untenable! As
has been shown so often in the comparative study of universe models, the
unscientific extrapolation of the fundamental process of the Universe
—space expansion— always leads to irresolvable problems.
* * *
2005 rev2015-1
Copyright © by Conrad Ranzan Email: Ranzan@CellularUniverse.org
SELECTED SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DETAILS:
Encyclopedia of Cosmology, Norriss S. Hetherington, Editor
(Garland Publishing, Inc. NY & London, 1993)
Cosmology, the Science of the Universe, E. R. Harrison (Cambridge University Press, 1981)
The Atlas of Scientific Discovery, Colin Ronan (Crescent Books, 1983)
Science: its History and Development Among the World Cultures, Colin Ronan (The Hamlyn Publishing
Group Ltd, New York, 1982)
Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos, Dennis Overbye (Little, Brown and Company, 1999)
PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Arp, Halton. 1998. Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science
Cohen, I. Bernard. 1985. Revolution in Science (The
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Ferris, T. 1997. The Whole Shebang, A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report
(Simon & Schuster, New York)
Genz, Henning. 1998. Nothingness: The Science of Empty Space (Perseus
Books)
Harrison, E. R. 2003. Masks of the Universe (2nd ed. Cambridge
University Press)
Pagels, Heinz R. 1988. The Dreams of Reason (Bantam Books)
Ranzan, C. 2014. The Dynamic Steady State Universe, in Physics
Essays, Vol.27, No.2, p286-315
Weinberg, Steven. 1992. Dreams of a Final Theory (Pantheon Books,
NY)
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