Resources for Educators, Instructors, & New-Cosmology Enthusiasts

Cosmology Testing Part 1: Fundamentals

Cosmology testing on the basis of fundamental properties.

How to evaluate the real-world validity of any universe model.

C. Ranzan

Published on the Cellular Universe website ( www.CellularUniverse.org ) 2019

This is a fully open-access article and may be used in whole, or in part, and distributed and reproduced in any medium; provided the original webpage address (www.CellularUniverse.org/Educators/CosmologyTestingPt1.htm), the website URL (www.CellularUniverse.org), and the originating author (Conrad Ranzan) are properly cited.

Contents:

1. Testing the Fundamental Aspects

Comparison table of fundamentals

Details, Clarifications, and Suggestions

2. Ultimate Test of Validity –The Essential Fundamental Principles

Principle of necessity of a Primary Cause Process

Principle of Limited Existence

“[C]osmology is not a game; it has the power to overturn the fundamental institutions of society.”
–Joel Primack, The View from the Center of the Universe, p275

1. Testing the Fundamental Aspects

During the 20^th century and into the 21^st century, scientists and philosophers came up with all sorts of universe models. (See Models of the Universe.) Numerous theories of the universe have been and are being advanced: Early attempts include the Einstein Equilibrium (1917), the Lemaître Big Bang (1920s), the Einstein-DeSitter (1932), and the Steady-State Expanding (1948). Advances in measuring techniques and an ever-growing collection of observations, led to revisions of old models and the introduction of new ones. And so, cosmologists came up with constructions such as the Accelerating-Expanding universe, the Inflationary universe, the Electric universe, and the Plasma universe. Influenced or infected by the growing disconnect from objective reality —a disconnect pervading philosophy and society in general— theorists also came up with such absurdities as the Multiverse, the Holographic universe, and higher-dimensional worlds.

So, how is an educator/instructor supposed to sort out what works and what doesn’t? How is a student seeking objective knowledge to make sense of it all?

Fortunately there are some basic standards and straightforward proofs available for determining model feasibility.

Class project:

Cosmology challenge. Below is a convenient chart focusing on the fundamentals most desirable for a working cosmology. Although not a complete listing, it presents the most important and commonly considered attributes. Use it for testing any rival model, any speculative construction.

Make use of the helpful suggestions, provided below the Table, when evaluating the various properties of the model or hypothesis being tested.

The chart is primarily for checking the fundamentals. A separate chart is available for evaluating conformity to observational features.

Comparison table of fundamentals. The left-hand column lists various fundamental categories. The right-hand column is the test area —just fill in the blanks in accordance with the requirements of whatever model that has been selected for testing. Then compare the fundamentals with the 4^th Cosmology (the old model) and the 5^th Cosmology (the new model).

Property	5^th Cosmology DSSU	4^th Cosmology Expanding Universe	[Enter the details of your favorite Contending / Speculative model]
Is the universe expanding or nonexpanding?	Nonexpanding	Expanding
Size of universe: Finite or infinite?	Infinite	Ambiguous. Depends on specific version
Age of universe?	Infinite	15 Giga-years (under Big-Bang interpretation)
“Space” definition:	A 3-dimensional region of nothingness	Geometrized continuum
Space medium:	Nonmass, nonenergy, discretized aether	Quantum foam (full of energy)
Time:	No independent existence. Time is merely a measure of repetitive motion or a comparison of two motions.	A geometrized property of spacetime
Gravitation theory?	Based on dynamic aether	General relativity based on geometry and curved space
Range of gravity?	Bounded by each cosmic gravity cell. The reach of gravity is confined within each such cell.	NO LIMITING BOUNDARY. “Every object in the universe is gravitationally connected to every other object.”
Is universe evolving or nonevolving?	Nonevolving (because it is in a perpetual dynamic steady state)	Evolving (e.g., high density in the past; ever lower density in the future)
Universe components?	Continually renewed (in accordance with broader interpretation of the energy conservation law)	Exist forever (in a simplistic interpretation of the energy conservation law)	Examples: Exist forever? Recycled? Continually renewed?
Cosmological principle conformance?	YES. Conforms to the original STRONG version.	Yes. Conforms to the weak watered-down versions. Universe looks different at different times in its history.
Principle of limited existence?	YES	NO
Unified model of gravity?	YES	NO
Cosmic redshift mechanism?	Velocity differential redshift	Expansion-of-space is the primary cause	Other examples: Tired light? Einstein’s gravitational shift?
Is there a First Cause or Primary Cause process?	YES. Primary Cause process	NO. Cause of Big Bang is “Inflation” but cause of inflation is unknown! In historic Steady State model, the cause of space expansion is a mystery.
Fate of universe:	Perpetual steady state	Depending on model: ■ Heat death (aka the Big Freeze) ■ Cyclical (Big Bang & Big Crunch)
Visibility limit?	No limit and no horizon	Boundary of the Hubble sphere
Applicable physics:	Standard physics with only minor reinterpretation	Requires new physics & new particles, namely Dark Matter
Dimensions:	3 spatial + non-existence	3 spatial + time

Details, Clarifications, and Suggestions

The 4th Cosmology is a broad category: There are many variations of the Expanding Universe. Examples include Einstein-DeSitter universe, Hot Big Bang universe, Inflationary universe, Accelerating universe, Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM), the historical Steady State, the Quasi Steady State, etc.

Cosmological principle: this refers to homogeneity. Under the strong version the universe has its matter uniformly distribution on the large scale —past, present and future. Notice the emphasis “on the large scale” —this means on the scale of the great cosmic cells. Compliance means the universe looks the same regardless of location and time.

Under the weak version of the principle, the universe looks different at different times in its history.

Cosmic redshift: When choosing the specific mechanism that is responsible for the observed cosmic redshift, keep in mind that there are only five main types of spectral-shifts —just FIVE causal mechanisms.

They are: (1) Doppler; (2) space expansion (and contraction); (3) gravitational; (4) tired light (a very broad theoretical category); (5) velocity differential. Note that the velocity differential redshift was discovered as recently as 2014. It has a major counterintuitive feature: light waves are doubly elongated (redshifted) when traversing a gravity well —that is, the light waves are redshifted during the inward journey into a gravity domain as well as during the outward journey.

First Cause / Primary Cause: Claiming, as big bang believers do, that the universe began as some quantum event —some out-of-control energy fluctuation— won’t work. Using a quantum mechanical approach is simply a way to evade specifying a First Cause or a Primary Cause process. Invoking a runaway quantum fluctuation is tantamount to admitting the absence of a root cause!

It is important to realize that a First Cause or a Primary Cause process is absolutely essential to the functionality of a realistic universe model. The real Universe cannot function, or even exist, without some Primary Causal activity. For additional details, see the Ultimate Test of Validity below.

Game changer in the cosmology debate: Something to keep in mind. As of 2015, the Big Bang could no longer sustain its status as a viable hypothesis. The Expanding universe is no longer a scientific theory. It has been confirmed.

Based on the conclusive evidence and proofs contained in the following published articles, the century-old Expansion paradigm simple cannot be defended on scientific grounds.

2014: “Cosmic Redshift in the Nonexpanding Cellular Universe,” American Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol.2, No.5, pp.47-60, (2014).

2015: “DSSU Validated by Redshift Theory and Structural Evidence,” Physics Essays Vol.28, No.4, pp.455-473 (2015 Dec).

2016: “Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Non-Expanding Universe,” American Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol.4, No.1, (2016 January).

The final blow came with the publication of “Sachs-Wolfe Effect Disproof –The fundamental flaw in the spectral analysis of gravity wells,” International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol.6, No.1, pp.1-17, 2018.

Also see the related Press Releases posted at the CellularUniverse.org home page.

2. Ultimate Test of Validity –The Essential Fundamental Principles

There are two fundamental principles (identified as “Principle of limited existence” and “First Cause or Primary Cause process” in the Table of Fundamentals, above) whose inclusion are absolutely essential for a sound cosmology.

Principle of necessity of a Primary Cause Process:

First Cause / Primary Cause: When one is constructing or evaluating a broad theory of how the World works, the Primary Cause issue may be addressed in only three ways. One, the question is left open and unanswered —it is simply ignored or the existence of a Primary Cause is denied. Two, one may invoke an endless regression of causes; everything, every process, is the effect brought about by some cause, which in turn is the effect produced by some other cause, which again is the effect resulting from a prior cause, and so on. And so, the question remains unanswered. What is glaringly obvious here is that without some root cause the model using this option is incomplete. Three, specify a Primary Cause mechanism. That’s it; there are no other options.

Without going into the specific details, there are also practical and philosophical reasons for incorporating a Primary Cause. In any case, the functionality of a realistic universe model is contingent on the operation of a First Cause or a Primary Cause process. The real Universe cannot function, and nothing can exist, without a Primary Causal activity.

Without a First / Primary Cause the model being evaluated must be considered incomplete and probably wrong.

Principle of Limited Existence:

This principle states: Whatever exists —all entities, material and nonmaterial— must have come into existence in the finite past; and will within a finite duration of existence pass out of existence. The Universe is not an entity; it is not a thing; and is therefore not subject to any restrictions on its existence.

To see how this works in practice, we turn to the DSSU. The DSSU is the only known cosmology that recognizes the deep-level nature of existence. It solves the problem of how the Universe can be time-wise infinite —have no beginning and no quietus— and yet each and every constituent particle or entity of the Universe has a limited interval of existence, an instant when its existence began and an instant when its existence will end.

The limitation on existence is, of course, obvious for things like automobiles, planets, stars and galaxies. But it is not at all obvious for the universe’s most fundamental components. It is these fundamental entities that are the deep-level victims of the limited existence principle. … Whenever a star gravitationally collapses to become an end-state neutron star, there is a significant loss of mass/energy particles. These particles literally vanish from the universe. Meanwhile, there is an ongoing process that generates new energy particles. On the large-scale the energy balance, the entropy, of the DSSU never changes.

The DSSU also incorporates this principle as a property of the space medium. The property operates on the smallest scale. It happens like this: A new aether entity emerges (a quantized unit of aether is born, so to speak), then exists until one or another defined process triggers its demise —and extinguishes its existence. Although the limited existence principle works on the extreme micro-scale, the consequences are profound; as it makes the space medium —the otherwise nonenergy aether— dynamic! It (the ongoing activity) manifests as bulk expansion and contraction.

The things of the universe are continually being replaced.

The fundamental particles of the universe are continually being replaced.

The discrete aether units of the universe are continually being replaced.

What all this means, in terms of a validating test, is that a conforming universe can have no beginning and no ending.

The limited existence principle resolves the age-old dilemma of a perpetual universe. It answers the question, How is it possible for a universe to exist forever (past, present, future) while its constituent entities are not perpetual and do not exist forever?

The Perfect Cosmological Principle is contingent on the Primary Cause Process and the Limited Existence Principle. What this means in terms of how the universe works: The universe exists in a perpetual dynamic steady state (this being the necessary and sufficient state for compliance with the Perfect Cosmological Principle). The universe sustains this state by:

1. An axiomatic Primary Cause Process (a continuous causeless process) involving aether;

2. And by the Limited Existence Principle. There are processes that extinguish aether and there is a process that extinguishes matter —WITHOUT effectively altering the overall quantity of either. These processes, in practical terms, place a limit on the duration of existence of entities in-and-of the universe.

3. And by compliance with domain-appropriate laws of physics.

So why are these two principles critically important for determining theory validity?

It all has to do with the apex doctrine for all universe constructions —the cosmological principle.

Together, the Primary Process and the Limited Existence of entities, serve as the foundation of what is known as the perfect cosmological principle. This is the “strong” principle that defines a universe with large-scale homogeneity and unchanging cosmic-scale properties. Its energy-and-mass density —maintained as it is by a self-regulating mechanism— never changes.

It was this ideal version, the “strong” version, of the principle that Einstein had attempted to build into his cosmology model of 1917. His model failed. It lacked the other two critical principles.

You see, the Cosmological Principle can only be attained by employing the Primary Cause and the Limited Existence principles. There is no other way.

A couple of other advantage points: It allows the theorist to avoid an obvious pitfall —the causative regression of initial conditions. What were the pre-initial conditions? What were the pre-pre-initial conditions? And so on. Simply put, the perfect cosmological principle avoids the beginning-of-the-universe conundrum.

Now, in case you are tempted to disagree with the necessity of these principles, there is one more test of validity. It relates to actual observations. It is foolproof.

Cosmology Testing Part 2: Observational Features

2019-10

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C. Ranzan

Email:
DSSUresearch@CellularUniverse.org

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